Use of Pathos in an Ad Commercial :: Pathos Advertisment Essays

Use of Pathos in an Ad Commercial The images which are used for advertisements, newspapers, or magazines usually include the significant purposes and ideas. Then, in many cases, they are described by ethos, pathos, and logos which are used frequently to catch viewers’ attentions. Even if the ads do not have concrete strategies and clear opinions, those ads may not be able to persuade the viewers. In other words, the excellent ads could use one of three persuasions. The following advertisement is the good example of embedded pathos in the advertisement. The advertisement of the Office of National Drug Control Policy strongly persuades the reader not to dabble with marijuana. In the image, the close-up of a crooked bicycle wheel sits on an asphalt road. At first glance, maybe the reader does not recognize what the image explains the reader and what is about. However, the viewer figures that there is a sad story in the ad. The viewer reads the story of this wheel on the upper right hand corner of the picture. Then the viewer understands that this advertisement is about marijuana. In this advertisement, Pathos, which is used for emotional appeal, is embedded efficiently. Also, it is the best choice for this anti-drug ad and more suitable than ethos or logos because appealing to person’s character or logic do not work so much for the marijuana addicts. That is why this image successfully persuades people who disregard the risks of marijuana. First, the ad tells the story of an accident which was caused by a person who smoked weed. It says, â€Å"You smoked weed. You got behind the wheel. And you hit a six-year-old girl on her bike. Weed can make you do stupid things like that.† Like this, the sentences help us to understand and to imagine about this picture. In this quotation, marijuana is described as informal word â€Å"weed.† Sometimes, to use a casual word is more persuasive than a formal word. The affinity for â€Å"weed† expresses that everyone could be involved in the accidents because of marijuana addicts. As a result, the readers keep away from marijuana. This story and the close-up wheel appeal to the reader’s emotion how about terrible marijuana is. In these sentences, not only pathos but also ethos which appeals to a person’s character or personality is embedded. By using second person discourse, the ad persuades especially current smokers to quit right away and at the same time discourages readers from smoking weed and reads directly toward each viewer.

Trader Joe’s

Economical, technological, demographics, economical, political, and socio-cultural trends taken into consideration by Trader Joe's and help lead to their continuing success. When it comes to economic factor, Trader Joe's has performed well in all economic conditions. The company performs well in a weak economy because they offer low prices. In strong economy the company offers unique products which help them perform well. Consumers are very price conscious, the are always looking for reasonable deals with healthier food. Trader Joe's carry quality products at reasonable prices which is rare. It has been seen that during economic downturn, people tend to shop more at grocery stores. When gas prices are high people have less disposable income but when gas prices are low they have more disposable income and are willing to try new items at grocery stores. Increase in income is resulting an increase in disbursal thus spending more on wide range of products which is helping Trader Joe's attract more customers. However, with the outstanding performances Trader Joe's adapted with the economic trends, they have shown slow progress in technological trends. The company is yet to adapt to new technologies trends. Trader Joe's does not utilize any social media platforms, applications, web based services, or loyalty programs. Since, self-checkout and advertising through mobile apps are getting more common the company has not taken these trends into considerations. Utilizing technological trends to advertise and connect with consumers may positively influence Trader Joe's. Demographic trends were taken into account in Trader Joe's strategy to note the population they are targeting. The population continues to grow and because the population is growing this means that it will have an impact on food consumption. Since, more and more immigrant move into the country it increases the population, and increase the needs and wants for food selection. Also, people in the current economy who are getting extra income chose to spend it on food that is organic, natural, and healthy for them. With competitive market, the trend is moving toward healthy products and low price options. The socio-cultural factors of health consciousness, population growth, and age all have an impact in the trends of food consumption, which directly affect the way Trader Joe's carries out business. The government not only makes sure food is safe but also if it is regulated properly. Legal and political trends have educated people about more sustainable lifestyles and healthier eating habits. The increasing consumer concern over the purity and safety of food has led to the demand for organic and natural food. Trader Joe's attracts consumers by offering quality products cheaper than its competitors. Trader Joe's has many strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The company offers a unique shopping atmosphere will helps attract customers. The employees are seen wearing Hawaiian shirts and hand out samples of food and drinks to customers. Trader Joe's are known to have low turnover rates compared to their competitors because they offer good working conditions. The company prides itself when it comes to its employees. Trader Joe's employees help strengthen the brand and image. The company select employees who are positive, enthusiastic, and who help convey the company's image to its consumers. However, with incredible strengths that the company portrays, there are some weaknesses. The company's poor social media presence, lack of advertising, and limited product selection, has lead to concerns. Many opportunities can be implemented to overcome these weaknesses. Expanding advertising to social media outlets can help target new customers and potentially increase profits. Also, international expansion may be an opportunity for the company. Alongside opportunities that Trader Joe's can implement there are many threats that have surfaced. The company is faced with old and new competitors. One specific competitors of Trader Joe's being Whole Foods Market, who aim to have more accessible prices for their private label brands, target more price sensitive customers as well as health conscious customers. It is known that the Trader Joe's has been profitable. However, there is still some area of concerns. Using Porter's five forces Trader Joe's can better understand the competitiveness of their business environment. The five forces can help identify the company's potential profitability. The following will discuss Trader Joe's using the five forces model to determine how market forces may affect their company. Forces can help assist the companies to gain a broader picture of what affects the profitability of the organization and how to fix it. Also, by understanding the forces, Trader Joe's can shape these forces in their favor. Industry Rivalry – Competitive rivalry looks at number and strength of competitors. For Trader Joe's industry rivalry risk is medium to high since the number of competitors is growing. Several grocers have developed over the past years and having a low level of product diversity can also increase competition. Trader Joe's core competitors have large numbers of capital as well as economies of scale. Threat of New Entrants – Potential threat of new entrants is low to medium. Since there is extreme cost and capital requirements it is harder for other entrants to join. Finding cheap or health conscious suppliers would be difficult. Getting good quality food for cheaper price is hard to deliver but it is not impossible. However, a brand name like Trader Joe's which took many years to build, would be difficult for entrants. Also, given that Trader Joe's is a specialty grocery store, makes the threat of new entrants lower and because the company uses absolute cost advantages in many aspects of its business operations. Threat of Substitutes – There is a medium to high threat of substitutes products from other industries in the market since customers have a variety of other places to shop at. Although, supermarkets are gaining market share and similar products are found elsewhere, Trader Joe's has an advantages since they have their own branded products. Power of Suppliers – The power of suppliers is determined by how easy it is for your suppliers to increase their prices. Trader Joe's power of suppliers is moderately low. There is high competition amongst suppliers. Trader Joe's have an advantage because of their non-disclosure which makes it undetectable to consumers if they changed their supplier. Trader Joe's never disclose their manufacturers or suppliers hence it allows them to get a better deal with respect to its competitors. Power of Buyers – The bargaining power of buyers the ability in which buyers can drive prices dow or the quality up. Buyer's power for Trader Joe's is moderately high because of the large number of customers who have control over the price and quality of the products. Buyers are looking for the best products available but at the lowest price possible which can put pressure on the company's profitability in the long run. The more powerful the buyers, the higher the bargaining power of the customers. In order to continue its success, Trader Joe's needs to consider the following alternative strategies regarding the concerns facing the company, such the lack of advertising, the minimal selection of products, and lack in social media presence. The clearest strategy to implement in order to offset the lack in advertising is to create a effective advertisement by knowing the audience, deciding on a target location, planning a budget, thinking about the message the ad will send, and highlighting competitive advantages. Advertising in magazines, radio stations, or even television programs would be a good place to start. This strategy formulation will not only help Trader Joe's reach a large audience, but will attract new customers. If done correctly, advertisement can be a key investment for businesses including Trader Joe's. The second concern that Trader Joe's faces is the little selection of products which can be overcomed by testing new products at certain stores across the country. This can be done by studying competition, targeting ideal customers, researching the market, proper pricing, and developing a list of potential buyers. Having diversity in products is a key concept in maximizing profits. For example, Trader Joe's can consider providing its customers with healthier food items. Since, government regulations and society's are pushing toward healthy diets to help fight the obesity rates, people are more likely to pursue a healthy diet. Lastly, a crucial strategy formulation for Trader Joe's to consider involve incorporating social media presence in the company that can help diversify themselves from competitors. Creating official pages on social media outlets, is inexpensive and mostly free. Trader Joe's can promote from within which will help them better connect with customers and will allow them to advertise. Absence in social media has prevented the company from realizing its benefits that would come from online shopping. Its competitors such as Walmart and Safeway provide customers the option of online shopping on their application and web page along with in-store outlets. The company can create an app with flyers of weekly store sales, promotions, and online check-out options. Having a presence online whether it be a webpage or an application, will help provide the convenience of shopping from home as well as attract from traffic. The popularity of social media is a perfect opportunity for Trader Joe's because it allows them to become more active at minimal cost. The value chain analysis, five forces, and swot analysis help provide Trader Joe's an insight of the supermarket industry. The company's competitive advantage and current opportunities and threats can either help or harm the company's competitive sustainability in the future. Additionally, Trader Joe's can set themselves apart from their competitors by developing social media outlets, by increasing advertisement, and innovating new products in their stores. The company has successfully created a brand for its company using various strategy compared to their competitors. However, to continue growth Trader Joe's needs to implement the following strategies which will ensure competitive advantages. Without these planned initiatives, other competitors can easily purloin these strategies and move ahead of Trader Joe's. Trader Joe’s Economical, technological, demographics, economical, political, and socio-cultural trends taken into consideration by Trader Joe's and help lead to their continuing success. When it comes to economic factor, Trader Joe's has performed well in all economic conditions. The company performs well in a weak economy because they offer low prices. In strong economy the company offers unique products which help them perform well. Consumers are very price conscious, the are always looking for reasonable deals with healthier food. Trader Joe's carry quality products at reasonable prices which is rare. It has been seen that during economic downturn, people tend to shop more at grocery stores. When gas prices are high people have less disposable income but when gas prices are low they have more disposable income and are willing to try new items at grocery stores. Increase in income is resulting an increase in disbursal thus spending more on wide range of products which is helping Trader Joe's attract more customers. However, with the outstanding performances Trader Joe's adapted with the economic trends, they have shown slow progress in technological trends. The company is yet to adapt to new technologies trends. Trader Joe's does not utilize any social media platforms, applications, web based services, or loyalty programs. Since, self-checkout and advertising through mobile apps are getting more common the company has not taken these trends into considerations. Utilizing technological trends to advertise and connect with consumers may positively influence Trader Joe's. Demographic trends were taken into account in Trader Joe's strategy to note the population they are targeting. The population continues to grow and because the population is growing this means that it will have an impact on food consumption. Since, more and more immigrant move into the country it increases the population, and increase the needs and wants for food selection. Also, people in the current economy who are getting extra income chose to spend it on food that is organic, natural, and healthy for them. With competitive market, the trend is moving toward healthy products and low price options. The socio-cultural factors of health consciousness, population growth, and age all have an impact in the trends of food consumption, which directly affect the way Trader Joe's carries out business. The government not only makes sure food is safe but also if it is regulated properly. Legal and political trends have educated people about more sustainable lifestyles and healthier eating habits. The increasing consumer concern over the purity and safety of food has led to the demand for organic and natural food. Trader Joe's attracts consumers by offering quality products cheaper than its competitors. Trader Joe's has many strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The company offers a unique shopping atmosphere will helps attract customers. The employees are seen wearing Hawaiian shirts and hand out samples of food and drinks to customers. Trader Joe's are known to have low turnover rates compared to their competitors because they offer good working conditions. The company prides itself when it comes to its employees. Trader Joe's employees help strengthen the brand and image. The company select employees who are positive, enthusiastic, and who help convey the company's image to its consumers. However, with incredible strengths that the company portrays, there are some weaknesses. The company's poor social media presence, lack of advertising, and limited product selection, has lead to concerns. Many opportunities can be implemented to overcome these weaknesses. Expanding advertising to social media outlets can help target new customers and potentially increase profits. Also, international expansion may be an opportunity for the company. Alongside opportunities that Trader Joe's can implement there are many threats that have surfaced. The company is faced with old and new competitors. One specific competitors of Trader Joe's being Whole Foods Market, who aim to have more accessible prices for their private label brands, target more price sensitive customers as well as health conscious customers. It is known that the Trader Joe's has been profitable. However, there is still some area of concerns. Using Porter's five forces Trader Joe's can better understand the competitiveness of their business environment. The five forces can help identify the company's potential profitability. The following will discuss Trader Joe's using the five forces model to determine how market forces may affect their company. Forces can help assist the companies to gain a broader picture of what affects the profitability of the organization and how to fix it. Also, by understanding the forces, Trader Joe's can shape these forces in their favor. Industry Rivalry – Competitive rivalry looks at number and strength of competitors. For Trader Joe's industry rivalry risk is medium to high since the number of competitors is growing. Several grocers have developed over the past years and having a low level of product diversity can also increase competition. Trader Joe's core competitors have large numbers of capital as well as economies of scale. Threat of New Entrants – Potential threat of new entrants is low to medium. Since there is extreme cost and capital requirements it is harder for other entrants to join. Finding cheap or health conscious suppliers would be difficult. Getting good quality food for cheaper price is hard to deliver but it is not impossible. However, a brand name like Trader Joe's which took many years to build, would be difficult for entrants. Also, given that Trader Joe's is a specialty grocery store, makes the threat of new entrants lower and because the company uses absolute cost advantages in many aspects of its business operations. Threat of Substitutes – There is a medium to high threat of substitutes products from other industries in the market since customers have a variety of other places to shop at. Although, supermarkets are gaining market share and similar products are found elsewhere, Trader Joe's has an advantages since they have their own branded products. Power of Suppliers – The power of suppliers is determined by how easy it is for your suppliers to increase their prices. Trader Joe's power of suppliers is moderately low. There is high competition amongst suppliers. Trader Joe's have an advantage because of their non-disclosure which makes it undetectable to consumers if they changed their supplier. Trader Joe's never disclose their manufacturers or suppliers hence it allows them to get a better deal with respect to its competitors. Power of Buyers – The bargaining power of buyers the ability in which buyers can drive prices dow or the quality up. Buyer's power for Trader Joe's is moderately high because of the large number of customers who have control over the price and quality of the products. Buyers are looking for the best products available but at the lowest price possible which can put pressure on the company's profitability in the long run. The more powerful the buyers, the higher the bargaining power of the customers. In order to continue its success, Trader Joe's needs to consider the following alternative strategies regarding the concerns facing the company, such the lack of advertising, the minimal selection of products, and lack in social media presence. The clearest strategy to implement in order to offset the lack in advertising is to create a effective advertisement by knowing the audience, deciding on a target location, planning a budget, thinking about the message the ad will send, and highlighting competitive advantages. Advertising in magazines, radio stations, or even television programs would be a good place to start. This strategy formulation will not only help Trader Joe's reach a large audience, but will attract new customers. If done correctly, advertisement can be a key investment for businesses including Trader Joe's. The second concern that Trader Joe's faces is the little selection of products which can be overcomed by testing new products at certain stores across the country. This can be done by studying competition, targeting ideal customers, researching the market, proper pricing, and developing a list of potential buyers. Having diversity in products is a key concept in maximizing profits. For example, Trader Joe's can consider providing its customers with healthier food items. Since, government regulations and society's are pushing toward healthy diets to help fight the obesity rates, people are more likely to pursue a healthy diet. Lastly, a crucial strategy formulation for Trader Joe's to consider involve incorporating social media presence in the company that can help diversify themselves from competitors. Creating official pages on social media outlets, is inexpensive and mostly free. Trader Joe's can promote from within which will help them better connect with customers and will allow them to advertise. Absence in social media has prevented the company from realizing its benefits that would come from online shopping. Its competitors such as Walmart and Safeway provide customers the option of online shopping on their application and web page along with in-store outlets. The company can create an app with flyers of weekly store sales, promotions, and online check-out options. Having a presence online whether it be a webpage or an application, will help provide the convenience of shopping from home as well as attract from traffic. The popularity of social media is a perfect opportunity for Trader Joe's because it allows them to become more active at minimal cost. The value chain analysis, five forces, and swot analysis help provide Trader Joe's an insight of the supermarket industry. The company's competitive advantage and current opportunities and threats can either help or harm the company's competitive sustainability in the future. Additionally, Trader Joe's can set themselves apart from their competitors by developing social media outlets, by increasing advertisement, and innovating new products in their stores. The company has successfully created a brand for its company using various strategy compared to their competitors. However, to continue growth Trader Joe's needs to implement the following strategies which will ensure competitive advantages. Without these planned initiatives, other competitors can easily purloin these strategies and move ahead of Trader Joe's.

The Impact On The Industrial Revolution - 1114 Words

Before Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492, the main known land was known as Afroeurasia. Civilization has come a long way since the beginning of human existence. What has been done in the past has affected our lives in more ways then we can count. Everything that happened before 1492 such as farming, written language, inventions and philosophy had a huge impact on everything that led up to 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas. To begin with, the Agricultural Revolution made the biggest impact on the chain of events that happened after it. In the Agricultural Revolution, farming was invented. Plants and animals also became domesticated. This led to the growth of urban centers. This is one of the many things that PERSIA applies to. When farming was invented, civilizations were built since people didn’t have to move around as much. Political parties were formed, economic beliefs were incorporated into the early civilizations by goods and servic es. Religious beliefs were already there, but they were being spread since civilizations were growing. Social classes were starting to be put into place in civilizations since people needed a leader. Intellectual is incorporated into this because people came up with farming and expressed it in many ways, and lastly, artistic styles developed in the way things were planted, pieces of art were exchanged for food, etc. Next, in early Mesopotamia, there was a type of script called Cuneiform. It is saidShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution1612 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial revolution put the use of hand tools downward while bringing up the use of factory machines. Factory machines by the late 1800s would soon replace farming with manufacturing at a large scale in the nation. This was seen to be a malificent time, for people from all around the world would be drawn to the Americas. Many came in hopes for a new and better life, but wi th every opportunity you must be ready to endure the burden. America’s revolution would goRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Impact on the French Revolution1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was influenced by previous events. The idea of treating everyone equally was a cutting-edge view in the eighteenth century. Also novel was the notion that people in the lower social stratum should obtain access to commodities previously reserved for only the upper class. This cultural change for the majority of the populace, focused on promoting the ownership of manufactured goods, also impacted the French Revolution. The industrial change, however, had a longer impact that extendedRead MoreThe Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution780 Words   |  4 PagesIn the mid 1700s a new era swept over Britain— the Industrial Revolution. Due to numerous unprecedented inventions, the Industrial Revolution began, altering the way of living for millions. The benefits of the revolution for consumers were clear to see, making buying and selling products more convenient as well as travel, creating hundreds of jobs. However, these jobs came at a cost. The Industrial Revolution was a curse for the working class due to dangerous working conditions, squalid housing,Read MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early 1800’s the Industrial Revolution in England was seen as an improvement to society. Before the revolution began most products such as clothing, were handmade and mostly done in people’s homes with basic machinery. The revolution gave birth to factories were machines that were able to produce a large amount of goods to be manufactured in a shorter amount of time without human error. Providing a great amount of jobs for people, improvement in the countries transportation, and communicationRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : Impact On Society1092 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrial Revolution: Impact on Society Che rnyka Love HIST112 Professor Adam Howard American Military University 15 March 2015 The Industrial Revolution is a term used to describe a period characterized by a transition from old to new processes of manufacturing. This period occurred during the 18th and 19th century. The transition was seen to include movement from primitive hand production to the same type of production using faster more efficient means by use of machines. The era also featuredRead MoreNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution755 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watt improved the steam engine, industrial revolution began to spread around the globe. All electronic devices, cars, and even clothes are all made in factories. We would not be able to have these objects without industrial revolution, which began in Britain. Over the spare of time from industrialization we moved to automatization and now to computerization but we will just talk about the very beginning of industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was the event which changed our worldRead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revo lution On The World1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an era in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries that allowed an extension of the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to the rest of European society. More specifically, in the words of Robert Strayer, the Industrial Revolution saw â€Å"a breakthrough of unprecedented proportions that made available for human use, at least temporarily, immensely greater quantities of energy†. The Industrial Revolution, despite the obviousRead MoreNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution933 Words   |  4 Pagesthink the Industrial Revolution made life better or worse? The Industrial Revolution had several types of impacts on people, from running a family to the ground, with no money left even for food, to making some people richer than ever before. The Revolution made people’s life much better. Some positive impacts include, making the government more money, the better education, technology advancement, and society uplifting as a whole. Some people may beg to differ, but the Industrial Revolution changedRead MoreThe Permanent Impact Of The Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Permanent Impact of the Industrial Revolution It is fair to say, that when we are talking on our cell phone in the car on the way to the mall to purchase a new outfit, it does not usually cross our mind about how we have the ability to be doing such things. We do not consider the fact that we have these means of transportation or communication. Even more so, we definitely do not think about what it would be like to have to special order an outfit after picking the material and being fittedRead MoreImpact Of Entrepreneurs On The Industrial Revolution1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe entrepreneurs had a great effect on the Industrial Revolution because they were working with inventors who had ideas to make things better and work more efficiently. They would pay inventors to keep working on ideas and that would therefore make them more money Entrepreneurs were contributing ideas to the industrialization in the areas of transportation, agriculture, and the population increase demands. Enclosures were made to increase crops. Farmers and landowners were able to try new

The Economy Is Making Progress Because Of The Mass...

The economy is making progress because of the mass production of technology. Due to globalization, innovations of technology has created an economic growth and made communication easy. A challenge that humanity must face, is the skill of cultural diversity. These conditions are altered because of the renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations. (Ogohi) Many people in the 21st century benefit because of accessibility, whereas the Romans during the 1st century received information from being lectured and reading a book. Today, people depend on technology for; Information, Communication, Pleasure and Business. If catastrophic effect occurred that shut down all operational systems, society would be lost in confusion and dependant on our intelligence. (Business Insider) The Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization The negative effects of economic globalization are the loss of employment. The inefficient uncompetitive industries and loss of the monopoly power of local industries occurred because of businessmen and traders who exploit consumers by charging them higher prices for imported goods and supplying lower quality products, compared to internationally available quality. Other negative impact of globalization in a social-cultural aspect is that cultural values are lessoning in the western parts of the world. The most positive effects of globalization are elimination of local monopolies, elimination of inefficiency, and access to opportunities available allShow MoreRelatedUsing the four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s1661 Words   |  7 Pagesreason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s (40 Marks) I believe that the First World War did not have as much of a significant impact on the American economy as mass production, infact i however see that instead of benefiting the economy the War in fact had the reverse effect to that of which interpretation A and C suggest that the war was the most important factor of the 1920’s American economic boom. Firstly, the biggest reason as to why mass production was the main reason forRead MoreHydrogen And Hydrogen As A Fuel1518 Words   |  7 Pagesmost efficient furl because of its abundance and the production of harmless bi-products as compared fossil fuel. Despite the abundance in its natural existence, Hydrogen can also be obtained through processes such as the electrolysis of water and methanol steam conversion. Hydrogen as a fuel is capable of the replacement of most of the other sources of energy. However, Hydrogen faces numerous obstacles to its entry into the economy and the utilization by human beings. The technology to contain and manageRead MoreEssay about Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution830 Words   |  4 Pagesearly stages of factory production. In addition, Britain was situated at a critical point for international trade. Its position between the United States and the rest of Europe allowed them to have a serious impact in all matters of trade. 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The nation’s wealth doubled throughout the roaring twenties, and lead the Stock Market Crash of 1929 where the Great Depression followed after thisRead MoreThe Relationship Between Art And Commerce1420 Words   |  6 Pagescreativity as a vehicle for economic interest, while others view it as pure dedication for personal creative needs. The world as we live in today sees the creative industry, including visual and performing arts, sound recording, book publishing, and movie making, a highly commercialized global enterprise. People constantly buy and sell art products in a highly active market. Although it is difficult to conclude whether art and commerce is perfectly compatible or mutually exclusive, one thing is true, thatRead MoreResearch Paper Henry Ford1111 Words   |  5 PagesRodriguez English 10 Mrs. Toman March 29, 2011 Research Paper: Henry Ford Imagine how life would be if our society did not have cars. Today, our society is dependent on cars for our daily routines. 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Tying this into the detriment of a high unemployment rate, we curre ntly have a 5.5% rate of unemploymentRead MoreNon Market Strategy Recommendation For Foxconn1542 Words   |  7 PagesTO: Foxconn Technology Group (Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.) FROM: Kavon Baradaran and Julia Yang, Poka -Yoke Consulting DATE: October, 25, 2015 SUBJECT: Non-Market Strategy Recommendation for Foxconn Foxconn Technology Group is the number one firm among Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) providers since 2005, and is a global firm that goes beyond China and Taiwan. However, recent market research and analysis show that Foxconn is facing a rather unfavorable publicity regarding its

Self-Efficacy of a High School Teacher Case Study

Essays on Self-Efficacy of a High School Teacher Case Study The paper "Self-Efficacy of a High School Teacher" is an outstanding example of a case study on psychology. Mr. John Stewart is a high school teacher at a local high school. He is a teacher and ahead of a department in the school. His duties include teaching, setting examinations, marking both books and exam papers and preparing student reports. As a head of a department, he cares for many school resources including books. Additionally, he offers guidance and counseling to his students besides disciplining unruly students. His job is challenging. He must, therefore, possess the appropriate attitude to succeed.Mr. Stewart has a strong self-efficacy. He believes in himself and strives to remain professional. He has ten years of experience and has professional training. He, therefore, believes that he is a good and experienced teacher. He handles his responsibilities both as a class teacher and as a head of a department effectively a feature that does not only portray his ability but al so shows his high self-esteem. The school appreciates his efforts. As such, the school has employed a number of appropriate strategies to motivate him thereby enhancing the growth of his self-efficacy. His promotion to the head of a department was one such strategy. The additional responsibilities proved that the school trusted his abilities. He, therefore, strives to deliver effectively since he believes that he is capable of (Randhawa, 2007).Despite such, the school can employ modern trends in developing greater self-efficacy in Mr. Stewart to improve his productivity. Such trends include sponsoring his subsequent professional training in the form of seminars and workshops, improving his pay and promoting him to administrative positions (Bandura, 1998). Through such, Mr. Stewart would embrace the new responsibilities and enjoy the favors a feature that would encourage him to work harder than he currently does (Karami Maimunah, 2013).

Corporate Insolvency In Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Insolvency In Australia. Answer: Introduction This paper briefly discusses various issues surrounding corporate insolvency. The paper is divided into nine sub sections that highlight different aspects of corporate insolvency in Australia and finishes with a conclusion. Signs of Corporate Insolvency and the Duties of Directors in that Regard There is no exact legal definition of insolvency and as such, it is a matter that is left to judgement (Cabinet Maker 2008, p.24). It is a matter of argument as to when exactly a company becomes insolvent. In general a company is insolvent when it fails to pay its liabilities as and when they become due (Corporations Act 2001, s.95). The following is a list of signs of corporate insolvency. Companies in financial distress will often forgo paying their tax liabilities in order to ensure that they have sufficient cash flow to meet their important supplier payments and pay wages. In the short term, this may be considered by many as an efficient use of cash resources. However, after the accrual of interest and penalties of those taxed in the long term, the tax liability imposed may grow to unmanageable levels. The Australian Securities and Investment Commission, in its insolvency guide for directors, have outlined a list of signs indicating that a company is becoming insolvent. These are as follows. Poor cash flow, continuous losses, lack of business plans, absence of forecasts of cash flows and other budgets, problems in debt collection and stock sales, increment in debt (more liabilities as compared to assets), disorganization in internal accounting processes, and financial statements that are incomplete. Other signs include loans that are unrecoverable to associated parties, creditors are unpaid outside the ordinary terms, demand letters and legal warrants being issued against the company, issues with obtaining finance, increment in the number of complaints by suppliers, loss of management personnel and director resignations, among many others (ASIC 2015, p.7). Potential liabilities of company directors in the event of a company becoming insolvent Directors of a company can be held liable in different ways when a company is declared insolvent. The Supreme Court of Australia held the directors of a company to be personally liable (Marsh, Roberts Webb, 2017). The reason for this finding by the court was that the directors were in breach of their duties hence incurring debts. The directors herein also made unverifiable payments which could not be ascertained. Furthermore, according to McDonald and Snead (2009, p. 3) courts have held that assets misappropriated by directors might be recovered. However, such transaction of assets ought to have taken place prior to the insolvency. The court continued to reiterate that the limitation period may be extended where fraud and breach of a fiduciary obligation are proved on the acts of a director prior to insolvency. In most instances, as discussed by Sellars (2001) p. 11, where directors are culpable, they are required to indemnify the company for any loses accrued due to their breach of duty or to pay the creditors outstanding debt. Avenues Available to the Company, in Particular, to the Directors if the Company is Presumed to be Insolvent There are several available avenues that the directors to a company can take when the company is presumed insolvent. According to the report prepared by Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services (2004), a company or rather the directors can agree with the creditors on how to settle the outstanding debts). Such arrangements should be set in a deed where which debts due would be settled. Additionally, the above report states that the directors can set aside transactions that might seem to be the cause of such insolvency. In turn the company would be restored to pre-insolvency stage. If at all a company is declared bankrupt, it ought to be remembered that a company is a separate legal entity that can sue or be sued. Therefore, if the directors duly discharged their obligations, thelaw protects them from being personally held liable provided that in their obligation they did not engage in insolvent trading. Finally, according to Rankin and Popkin (2004, p. 28) a director can demonstrate that they took reasonable steps prevent insolvency by settling accrued debts, appointing administrators and beginning winding up procedures. Furthermore, they argue that a director that seeks to disclaim the responsibilities leading to insolvency must cite the above three defenses. A director cannot allege that there were no reasonable steps that he could take to prevent the insolvency. Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary Interventions by Different Parties Concerned by the Potential Insolvency of a Company Voluntary intervention or administration in this instance involves members and directors placing the company to an independent person to assess the assets, cash and liabilities against the potentially insolvent company (Sellars 2001, p. 2.) Consequently such an independent person would recommend to the members whether a company ought to be wound up or not. In a voluntary intervention, a director need not to vacate office since such an administration at time is propagated by directors. However the court has held in the case of Dempster v Mallina Holdings Ltd that whereas other directors might be found liable others may escape liability. Involuntary insolvency involves an intervention by the Federal or Supreme Courts though an application by; the creditors, shareholders, directors or any other interested person. (Insolvency solution, 2017, Voluntary Involuntary Liquidation) indicates that creditor who is owed a debt may file an application to declared a company insolvent due to its in ability to pay the outstanding debt when due. Shareholders, directors and other interested parties may file an application of their respective interests in the company. Good outcome for a company other than being wound up by the creditors, and how might this be achieved Instead of being wound up because of an insolvency, a company should consider several options these include; receivership, voluntary arrangements, administration and provisional liquidation. According to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services inquiry into financial products and services in Australia (2009), in a receivership an insolvency practitioner is appointed by the secured creditors in order to settle outstanding debts. However it should be understood that receivership does not necessarily impute insolvency of a company. On the other hand, administration involves appointment of administrators to carry audits and determine the cash flow, assets and liabilities of a company. Administration would usually result to a deed being entered and subsequently measures to prevent insolvency being put down. Company voluntary arrangement involves an agreement being reached between creditors being owed a debt not to claim their debt as against the company. Th is would allow the company to rebuild its financial status or cash flow. Provisional liquidation is an alternative to winding up of a company, because with the application of any party involved, the court may order a provisional liquidation whereby assets of the company are placed into the hands of a provisional liquidator who would in turn determine whether a company should be wound up or not. Insolvency Statistics in Australian Companies The Australian market is mostly dominated by small as opposed to large businesses (ARITA 2015, p.348). Between the years of 2013 and 2014, 92 percent of company exits consisted of companies that employ less than five staff while 98 percent consisted of those that employ less than 20 staff (ABS 2015). Although failures represent merely a miniature fraction (below 10 percent) of all companies that exit,the available empirical data indicates that these exists are dominated by small and medium sized enterprises. This is not surprising considering that the economy is dominated by them, although it is also telling of the relation between their nature and the failures. With specific regard to insolvency, reports by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission suggest that between 2013 and 2014, 81 percent of the over 9000 initial reports of external administrators related to small companies of less than 20 staff (ASIC 2014). With respect to liabilities, ASIC estimates that 43 percent of companies that failed had liabilities worth approximately $250,000 and below, and 76 percent of fallen companies had liabilities amounting to $1 million and below. Furthermore, 41 percent of the small companies at the time of insolvency are usually without assets, while almost 80 percent of the remaining companies usually have assets worth less than $50,000. With respect to industry, retail trade (9%), food and accommodation industry (9%), construction (23%) and Other services altogether made up over half of the companies that were insolvent during the year 2013 and 2014. By contrast, fairly huge industries such as education and mining made up 1 percent of companies that ran into insolvency each. Topical Issues on Insolvency in Australian Companies There are several topical issues in the Australian companies, and especially with respect to reforms to the current insolvency law. The overarching objective of these proposals for reform is to drive a cultural shift from stigmatizing and penalizing failure to a system that balances between creditor protection and encouraging entrepreneurship (Law Society of New South Wales 2016, p.1).The first topical issue discussed by the reform proposals is reduction of the default bankruptcy period. This proposal has the overall aim of encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation. The second topical issue is the introduction of a safe habour in insolvent trading. The safe habour is aimed at operating as a carve-out to the section 588G of the Corporations Act for directors in insolvency situations. The substance of this proposal is to protect directors from personal liability in cases where a company enters into insolvency. The Role of ASIC and other Statutory Authorities in Corporate Insolvency ASIC: With respect to liquidation, the organization has the power to order the winding up of a company, and also, liquidators are required to report to ASIC. Under voluntary administrations, administrators also have various obligations for reporting to the authority. Furthermore, the ASIC and the court generally supervise the activities of receivers and property managers. The Court and ASIC also have powers of inquiry into the conduct of non-receiver controllers (AFSA 2014, p.10). Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA): with its establishment under the Public Service Act 1999, AFSA registers all bankruptcies, personal insolvency agreements and debt agreements; administration of bankruptcy estates as the Official Trustee; and ensuring compliance by bankrupts, debtors and other related persons.It also maintains the National Personal Insolvency Index (AFSA 2014, p.4). Observations It is notable from the foregoing that the proposal for providing a safe habour for directors to shield them from personal liability is an important provision. Thelaw of insolvency as is currently constituted is draconian and harsh since they impose personal liability to directors who many times make business decisions in good faith. The safe habour provisions will remove the strictness in insolvency laws and allow restructuring efforts by directors during insolvency. This will in turn encourage a turnaround culture that will enable rehabilitation of businesses, especially considering the above statistics of business failure. The Governance Institute of Australia has expressed in its submissions on this issue that of safe habour and has proposed even further adjustments to the proposed law for its applicability in the Australian market. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has discussed various issues in Australian Corporate Insolvency. One of the key issues noted in this paper in general, is the need for reforms in the law that governs corporate insolvency in the country as the available laws are quite harsh. This is with particular regard to personal liability of directors during insolvency. References ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2015, Australian Industry, 2013-14, 29 June, Cat no. 8155.0, Canberra AFSA (Australian Financial Security Authority) 2014, Financial System Inquiry - Submission of the Australian Financial SecurityAuthority in response to the Interim Report, August, AFSA ARITA (Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association) 2014a, A Platform for Recovery 2014, Discussion Paper, October ASIC (Australian Securities and Investments Commission) 2014, Insolvency statistics - Series 1: Companies entering external administration, viewed 19 September 2017 https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/find-a document/statistics/insolvencystatistics/insolvency-statistics-series-1-companies-entering-external-administration/ Law Society of New South Wales 2016, Improving Bankruptcy and Insolvency laws - Response to Proposals Paper, viewed 19 September 2017 https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetpolicysubmissions/1176437.pdf Australian Securities and Investment Commission August 2015, Insolvency: A Guide for Directors, ASIC, viewed 19 September 2017 https://download.asic.gov.au/media/3337054/insolvency_guide_for_directors_42_1-amended-aug-2015.pdf Cabinet Maker 2008, Directors Liabilities, 18 April, p.24 Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) Dempster v Mallina Holdings Ltd (1994) 15 ACSR 1) Insolvency solution, 2017, Voluntary Involuntary Liquidation viewed 20 September2017 (https://www.wais.com.au/corporate-insolvency/liquidations ). Marsh,S, Roberts,S, Webb,H 2017, The doubling up of insolvent debt: Personal liability of directors and the concurrent liability of holding company viewed 19 September 2017, https://e doubling up of insolvent debt: Personal liability of directors and the concurrent liability of holding compa Mcdonald, I, and Snead, J 2009, Reaching; The limit a recent court ruling gives rise to the spectre of further claims against directors, just when they thought they were safe view 19 September 2017, https://Reaching The Limit court ruling Ripoll, B., 2009. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services: inquiry into financial products and services in Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Ripoll, B., 2009. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services: inquiry into financial products and services in Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Ripoll, B., 2009. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services: inquiry into financial products and services in Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Sellars, M.A., 2001, February. Corporate voluntary administration in Australia. InForum for Asian Insolvency Reform. Insolvency reform in Asia: An assessment of the recent developments and the role of judiciary. Bali, Indonesia(pp. 7-8).

Was the communists attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful

Introduction This analysis focuses on the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s and the impact it had on the society. Importantly, the essay will detail the successes and failures that were witnessed as a result of the reforms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, the paper will explore how marriage was revolutionized and the overall impact of the reforms, which were initiated in 1950s. To achieve this objective, relevant information will be sourced from authentic books, written by reputable authors. China’s Revolutionary Marriage In understanding marriage revolutionary under communism, it is essential to underscore the role of politics in the entire reform process, and how politicians used their positions to influence the society. For example, the People’s Republic of China was founded by students of Karl Marx, who believed that the marriage system was supposed to change based on the existing economic structure (Johnson 91). As a result, the Chinese communists embarked on reconstructing their marriage system after the founding of the socialist state in 1949. Following the ratification of the new marriage law in 1950, the reforms were extended to the rest of the nation even though they had only been tested in the border areas. As a result, most Chinese got used to the new freedom by the time the campaigns ended in 1953. Nevertheless, the process was met with some resistance, which triggered the need for a compromise between the state and its people as a way of attaining a balance (Diamant 30). During this revolutionary period, the new marriage law led to certain changes, which ended up shaping the marriage system in the country. For example, romantic love was detached from considerations of matrimony and was replaced with the importance of loyalty to the party, matched political ideals, and revolutionary passions (Johnson 92). Additionally, the state controlled the lives of its people through the introduction of the danwei. In this regard, marriage became a complicated process that entailed application, investigation, and registration.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The revolutionized marriage got rooted in the system, allowing its application to all Chinese across the country (Diamant 41). The following segments explain the marriage law of 1950 and how it affected the country’s marriage system. The Marriage Law The marriage law was promulgated in May 1950, by the People’s Republic of China, a move, which was seen by leaders as a way of eliminating the old productive relationships and structure, to develop a socialist system of marriage. In other words, the law was aimed at liberating men and women from the bondage of the old system by conforming to a social system of development (Johnson 92). Socialists believed that the old system was barbarian and backward. It therefore necessitated the introduction of a system, which would promote social productivity as well as the elimination of the old marriage system. During the first year of the marriage reforms, communist leaders joined forces with the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation to study the new law. They carried out research on various issues by collecting data from different places. They studied the marriage laws of the Soviet and border areas, Soviet Union laws, and regulations from the New Democratic Eastern European countries (Johnson 93). Importantly, the spirit of this group was in line with the past marriage regulations of the CPP, which included bringing to an end the feudal marriage system, promoting freedom in marriage, and equality between men and women, with more emphasis to the latter. Promulgation and Implementation This occurred between 1950 and 1953 when the socialists focused on replacing the old system of marriage with the one, which they considered to be better for the people of China. Notably, the government launched propaganda that traversed the entire leadership, advocating for change (Johnson 115). Several nongovernmental organizations joined the efforts of the state, including the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation, All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and the Central Committee of Youth League among others. The implementation period can generally be divided into two major stages; 1950-1951 and 1952-1953.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Disappointment Stage Even though the purpose of the new law was to establish a different marriage system, which was inclined towards socialism, the state main ly focused on adjusting marital relations, during the first year of its promulgation. As a result, it adopted various methods, not only to reach the masses but also to influence those who were reached. Some of these methods included but not limited to broadcasting, art performances, public discussions, and literature (Johnson 115). The state worked towards changing the attitude of its people towards traditional marriage. By the end of the first year, tremendous strides had been made across the country. For instance, the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation was satisfied with the fact that most Chinese youths were able to challenge the decisions made by their parents, regarding marriage. Women also became more enthusiastic about the reforms as they managed to overcome the connection with the old system of social relationships (Hershatter 5). Due to this understanding, there was an increase in the number of marriage lawsuits as men and women advanced their marital rights. De spite the fact that the new marriage law was affecting both men and women, most of the reported cases were made by women, indicating that majority of them advocated for change. It is believed that the first year of promulgating the law led to massive public consciousness about the law across the country, which was the goal of the communist government. However, the achievements realized during this time did not meet the expectations of women in the country and those of the sponsoring political party. There were various problems that were observed by women’s associations like the increase in the number of women who were prosecuted under the new law (Johnson 116). There were also rising cases of women committing suicide during the first year of promulgation, with Shadong registering 1245 female suicide cases, while 10,000 were either murdered or abused in marriage in Zhongnan. The implementation of the new marriage law turned out to be ineffective because of feudal thoughts, whi ch remained in the minds of some leaders that were in-charge of the process. This was known to the central government from the time the idea of implementing the law was conceived.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on this possibility, the Communist Party of China strongly condemned misconduct among its members upon the endorsement of the new law, in April, 1950. In order to deal with such cases and minimize their occurrence, the government was concerned with training and educating all the cadres, who were in-charge of various areas in the country (Johnson 118). Additionally, nongovernmental organizations like the Women’s Federation were equally involved in dealing with marriage cases as a way of helping the local courts in prosecuting criminals. It is doubtless that the Communist Party of China was committed to the success of the law through all the mechanisms, which were available. For instance, the party dealt with its members who interfered with marriage freedom directly without allowing such individuals to be punished by civil and legal legislations. During the first year of implementing the law, its success was uneven across the country as some cadres had played a significan t role in eliminating traditional marriage customs while others had not taken the task seriously. While the state had taken a leading initiative in implementing the marriage reforms, it is worth noting that the process was not smooth in every region. In some cases, the law was resisted as residents adhered to the old marriage traditions, thus interfering with marriage freedom, which was enshrined in the new law. This was however blamed on the cadres who were in-charge of the affected areas. As a result, arranged marriages remained common, women oppression continued with an increase in the number of related suicide and homicide cases. Some of the supporters of the traditional practices remained cruel to women and became a stumbling block to their success. For example, several women were murdered as a result of abusive relationships in Huoqu County in 1950. It was quite ironical that cadres in the affected areas took no action against perpetrators of such inhumane actions but went ahe ad to criticize the victims, arguing that the affected women were out of their mind, and deserved death. Some judicial organizations were also blamed for the unsuccessful implementation of the new marriage law; they delayed sentences and gave tempered penalties. These sent a wrong message to men who did not fear serving a jail term of two years for killing their wives (Hershatter 97). It is important to note that the Chinese traditionalists believed that marriage was a domestic affair, which was not supposed to be governed by the laws of the state. As a general principle, all marriage problems were to be addressed and settled within the family, through the leadership of senior members, related to the husband. Consequently, the new marriage reforms initiated by the state were seen as external interference, aimed at imposing totalitarian control on the family. It was this misunderstanding that led to panic and resistance within the public domain as some people avoided the cadres. Amon g other reasons, it was believed that most Chinese men were worried with the freedom for one to seek divorce as it was stated in the new marriage law. In this regard, there was total fear among men since divorce would imply lose of the daughter-in-law, property and the right to take care of children without any form of compensation. This would therefore introduce one to eternal loneliness and total detachment from the family. Based on this analysis, it can be argued that the first year of implementing marriage reforms in China was characterized by mixed outcomes of success and failure, as there was uneven acceptance of the reforms around the country. Urban Success Despite the uneven response during the first two years, the government remained determined to promote the success of the reforms. In 1953, it initiated investigations, aimed at revealing the implementation of the new law and the performance of cadres, through propaganda (Hershatter 332). According to the state, there was n eed for cadres to change their approach in implementing the new laws by adopting educational principles rather than coercion, which was commonly observed in land reforms. As a result, this approach turned out to be successful, especially in urban areas (Johnson 138). This was achieved through proper training of the cadres with a sole aim of equipping them with knowledge and skills, which were vital in changing the minds of people regarding marriage. Other strategies, which were employed, included solving the problems of the masses by answering their questions, use of models, and removal of the offender’s name from the public. Moreover, the authorities focused on voluntary participation in propaganda programs as compared to compulsory involvement by the government. By September 1954, significant achievements had been realized in Beijing, including a drop in cases of women abuse, as masses accepted marriage freedom and denounced trading of marriage (Diamant 178). High level of this acceptance was registered among urban residents, teachers, and university students. On the other hand, partial success was reported among industrial workers and people with rural background. With regard to children, most of them were not confident enough to make independent marriage decisions (Johnson 139). Despite this success, most girls believed that money was the foundation of love. They therefore put into consideration the economic status of the man before accepting marriage. Nonetheless, the issue of inequality remained a major problem as it involved the entire society, thus calling for more time in order to influence more people. Marriage problems Before the success of marriage reforms was declared, Civil Affairs Bureau of the People’s Government of Beijing reported a wide range of problems, which were facing the reform process in September 1954. In fact, problems related to feudal customs were common in 1960s, as cadres and parents got involved in the marriages o f their children. Additionally, buying and selling of marriages became common as the bride’s family requested for monetary gifts and expensive feasts before accepting the marriage proposal (Johnson 150). Farmers were also neglected as potential husbands since they lacked enough cash. Most authorities argued that these problems were as a result of discontinuity of the marriage law movement. Many leaders opted for regular propaganda education and government inspections in order to maintain the spirit of freedom in marriage. Conclusion In general, promulgation of the new marriage law in 1950s was the first step that was undertaken by the CCP’s revolution agenda. Importantly, the transition between the customs of the state and the thoughts of people could not be achieved easily. It required constant effort in changing the perception of the masses. Despite the fact that the marriage campaign across the country ended in 1953, investigations, which were carried out later reve aled that the transition required a longer period of time, than three years (Diamant 209). Notably, the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s was partially successful. This was mainly based on the approach, which was adopted by the state in turning the masses away from their marriage traditions. Importantly, the fear of divorce dominated the resistance of men towards marriage freedom, enshrined in the new marriage law. As a result, most of the efforts towards freedom in marriage were fruitless. Works Cited Diamant, Neil. Revolutionizing the Family: Politics, Love, and Divorce in Urban and Rural China, 1949-1968. California: University of California Press, 2000. Print. Hershatter, Gail. The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China’s Collective Past. California: University of California Press, 2011. Print. Johnson, Kay. Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Print. This essay on Was the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful? was written and submitted by user Amphibian to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.