Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum

Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum The order of advancement through elected offices (magistracies) in Republican Rome was known as the cursus honorum. The sequence of offices in the cursus honorum meant that an office couldnt be skipped, in theory. There were exceptions. There were also optional offices that could be steps along the cursus honorum. Sequence Leading to the Top Office of Consul A Roman male of the upper classes became Quaestor before he could be elected Praetor. He had to be elected Praetor before Consul, but the candidate need not have been either an Aedile or Tribune. Other Requirements for Progress Along the Cursus Honorum The Quaestor candidate had to be at least 28. Two years had to elapse between the end of one office and the beginning of the next step on the cursus honorum. The Roles of the Cursus Honorum Magistrates and the Senate Originally, the magistrates sought the advice of the Senate when and if they wished. Over time, the Senate, which was made up of the magistrates past and present, insisted on being consulted. Insignia of the Magistrates and Senators Once admitted to the Senate, the magistrate wore a wide purple stripe on his tunic. This was called the latus clavus. He also wore a special scarlet colored shoe, the calceus mulleus, with a C on it. Like the equestrians, senators wore gold rings and sat in the reserved front row seats at performances. The Meeting Place of the Senate The Senate usually met in the Curia Hostilia, north of the Forum Romanum and facing the street called the Argiletum. [See Forum Map.] At the time of Caesars assassination, in 44 B.C., the Curia was being rebuilt, so the Senate met in Pompeys theater. The Magistrates of the Cursus Honorum Quaestor: The first position in the cursus honorum was Quaestor. The term of Quaestor lasted a year. Originally there were two Quaestors, but the number increased to four in 421, to six in 267, and then to eight in 227. In 81, the number was increased to twenty. The Assembly of the thirty-five tribes, the Comitia Tributa, elected Quaestors. Tribune of the Plebs: Annually elected by the plebeian section of the Assembly of the Tribes (Comitia Tributa), known as the Concilium Plebis, there were originally two  Tribunes of the Plebs, but by 449 B.C., there were ten. The Tribune held great power. His physical person was sacrosanct, and he could veto anyone, including another Tribune. A Tribune could not, however, veto a dictator. The office of Tribune was not a mandatory stage of the cursus honorum. Aedile:  The Concilium Plebis elected two Plebeian Aediles each year. The Assembly of the thirty-five tribes or Comitia Tributa elected two  Curule Aediles annually. It was not necessary to be an Aedile while following the cursus honorum. Praetor:  Elected by the Assembly of the Centuries, known as the Comitia Centuriata, the Praetors held office for a year. The number of Praetors increased from two to four in 227; and then to six in 197. In 81, the number was increased to eight. Praetors were accompanied by two lictores within the confines of the city. The lictores carried the ceremonial rods and ax or fasces that could, in fact, be used to inflict punishment. Consul:  The Comitia Centuriata or Assembly of the Centuries elected 2 Consuls annually. Their honors included being accompanied by 12 lictores and wearing the toga praetexta. This is the top rung of the cursus honorum. Sources Marsh, Frank Burr; revised by H.H. Scullard. A History of the Roman World From 146 to 30 B.C. London: Methuen Co. Ltd., 1971.www.theaterofpompey.com/rome/reviewmagist.shtml Regular Magistracies of the Roman Republic From T. S. R. Broughtons Magistrates of the Roman Republic.The Procedure of the Senate, by A. G. Russell.  Greece Rome, Vol. 2, No. 5 (Feb., 1933), pp. 112-121.Jona Lendering Cursus Honorum

Find out What Polypropylene Is and What Its Used For

Find out What Polypropylene Is and What It's Used For Polypropylene is a type of thermoplastic polymer resin. It is a part of both the average household and is in commercial and industrial applications. The chemical designation is C3H6. One of the benefits of using this type of plastic is that it can be useful in numerous applications including as a structural plastic or as a fiber-type plastic. History The history of polypropylene began in 1954 when a German chemist named Karl Rehn and an Italian chemist named Giulio Natta first polymerized it. This led to a large commercial production of the product that began just three years later. Natta synthesized the first syndiotactic polypropylene. Everyday Uses The uses of polypropylene are numerous because of how versatile this product is. According to some reports, the global market for this plastic is 45.1 million tons, which equates to a consumer market use of about $65 billion. It is used in products such as the following: Plastic parts - from toys to automobile productsCarpeting - in all forms of carpeting, area rugs and in upholsteryReusable products - especially in containers and similar productsPaper - used in various applications for stationery and other writing bindingsTechnology - commonly found in loudspeakers and similar types of equipmentLaboratory equipment - in virtually every aspect where plastics are foundThermoplastic fiber reinforced composites There are a few reasons that manufacturers turn to this type of plastic over others. Consider its applications and benefits: Benefits of Polypropylene The use of polypropylene in everyday applications occurs because of how versatile this plastic is. For example, it has a high melting point compared to similarly weighted plastics. As a result, this product works very well for use in food containers where temperatures can reach high levels - such as microwaves and in dishwashers. With a melting point of 320 degrees F, it is easy to see why this application makes sense. It is easy to customize, too. One of the benefits it offers to manufacturers is the ability to add dye to it. It can be colored in various ways without degrading the quality of the plastic. This is also one of the reasons it is commonly used to make up the fibers in carpeting. It also adds strength and durability to the carpeting. This type of carpeting can be found effective for use not only indoors but also outdoors, where damage from the sun and elements doesnt affect it as readily as other types of plastics. Other benefits include the following: It does not absorb water like other plastics.It does not mold or otherwise deteriorates in the presence of bacteria, mold or other elements.Newer versions contain an elastic element to them. This gives them a rubber-like composition and opens the door for new uses.It is unlikely to shatter and will take significant damage prior to breaking, though it is not as sturdy as other plastics such as polyethylene.It is lightweight and very flexible. Chemical Properties and Uses Understanding polypropylene is important because it is significantly different from other types of products. Its properties allow it to be effective in the use of material popular in everyday use, including any situation in which a non-staining and non-toxic solution is necessary. It is also inexpensive. It is an excellent alternative to others because it does not contain BPA. BPA is not a safe option for food packaging since this chemical has been shown to leach into the food products. It has been linked to various health issues, especially in children. It has a low level of electrical conductivity as well. This allows it to be highly effective in electronic products. Because of these advantages, polypropylene is likely to be in most American homes. This versatile plastic is one of the most commonly used in these situations.

Small Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Small Group Project - Essay Example The Ethics Review Committee under the chairmanship of the Compliance Officer is responsible for setting these ethical standards. After review of existing codes of conduct and related laws and regulations, the following codes of conduct applies to all management and employees of ECG, and are accountable for complying with this code of conduct: Adherence to applicable laws and regulations All employees in all ranks of the company must adhere to the legal requirements of the American government and countries that ECG conducts business. They must also adhere to the regulations of local authorities and commands that affect the company or its line of business. The laws and regulations that affect ECG are many; therefore, the company will provide guidelines on certain laws. The Compliance Officer will be available to answer any questions pertaining all laws that can affect the firm or its operations (Bacher, 2007). Conflict of interest This results when personal interests of employees and d irectors clash in any way with the interests of the firm. Despite having the right to engage in personal investments, enjoy private relationships and maintain normal business courteousness, employees, and management of ECG must not engage in activities or interests that may hinder their job responsibilities. Conflict of interest may also result when a member of staff pursues interests and actions that may negatively influence their performance. According to Hansen (2010), conflict of interest may also result when an employee, director or family members receive inappropriate gifts or benefits due to their relationship with the firm, whether the gain is from the firm or a client. Examples of conflict of interest are credit, guarantees for credit to employees and members of their families. Federal laws criminalize loans to executives and top management (Hansen, 2010). Working concurrently for a competitor, supplier or client amounts to a conflict of interest. Despite the fact that it i s not always easy to determine a conflict of interest, it is the firm’s policy to forbid such conflicts whenever feasible. Conflicts of interests may not be obvious in all circumstances; therefore, employees are advised to consult with the compliance officer whenever questions arise. Privacy All members of staff of all ranks at ECG must ensure the discretion of information entrusted to them by the firm, its clients, or suppliers except when admission is demanded by the firm, or required by laws and regulations or a court order. Classified information includes, but not confined to non-public information that may be utilized by opponents or injurious to the firm or its clients when revealed. Whenever possible, all members of staff must seek the guidance of the Compliance Officer if they believe that they have a lawful responsibility to divulge private information. Fair dealing Every member of staff in the company must strive to transact in a fair manner with the firm’s c lients, colleagues, and business competitors. No one should take undue advantage of the other through manipulation, misuse of privileged information, suppression, falsification of true facts and blackmail among other acts of unfair practice. Abusing trade secret information that was retrieved without owner’

The business plan of Super Stars sports facility Essay

The business plan of Super Stars sports facility - Essay Example This paper discusses that Super Stars will be a sports organization which will be focused on enhancing and inculcating sports values among the community members in Bradford city in the United Kingdom. Currently, there are very few multi-sports facilities in Bradford and hence the company hopes to fill this gap. The kind of sporting activities that will be trained includes swimming, skiing, skate boarding, athletics, rugby, golfing, gymnastics, football and hockey. The organizations planned keys to success involves putting the customers wants first and working hard towards satisfying them. The organization will also use appropriate marketing facilities for its services, creating a conducive environment for its operations, purchase quality sports equipments and hiring qualified staffs to assist in the management of the activities. The Super Stars sports facility hopes to target people who have the passion for getting physically fit. It will provide all the necessary facilities that are required in order for people to exercise and attain maximum satisfaction. The members will be both adults and the children and it involves both genders. The sports facility will be a member’s only facility. The membership will be divided into a adult membership, students membership and junior membership. The juniors include children between the age of 5 and 14 years. The adults are those above the age of 14. The membership fee for the junior plan will be 40 pounds plus a 240 pounds annual subscription fee. The adults’ membership fee shall be 50 pounds plus an annual subscription fee of 360 pounds. ... However, students will be granted a fee waiver to encourage them to engage in sporting activities which include a 45 pounds membership fee plus a 300 pounds annual subscription fee. At the beginning of its operations, Super Stars sporting organization will use funds from the government and community contributions to finance its operations. The government has advanced 9,000,000 pounds towards the setting up of the facility. It hopes that the community will contribute 2,000,000 pounds. These funds will be used to purchase the necessary equipments, setting up the entire business, hiring trainers, and maintenance of the facility and equipments. The organization hopes to achieve 52, 000 pounds at the end of the first financial year. By the end of five years the facility hopes that the profits will have increased to around 250,000 pounds per year. Vision Statement The vision statement is a description of the picture of the organization in the long term or in the middle term. It is a clear picture of the organization that describes its desired outcome that seeks to energize, inspire, influence, and enables one to have a mental picture of what the organization hopes to attain( shank, 2005,p.75). It represents a framework for an individual’s comprehensive strategic planning and refers to the inspiration of the organization. It involves the articulation of the organizations dreams and hopes. It helps the organization in making a choice between the current and the future courses of action. It puts together the goals and objectives of the organization. In connection to sporting activities, the vision statement is set so as to provide it with a blueprint for success and set a foundation for what the long term goal is (Elitesportleader, 2012, p. 1). An effective vision

Essay About Stereotyping Essay Example for Free

Essay About Stereotyping Essay Chimamanda Adichie uses the phrase â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story.† She states â€Å"it robs people of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult. It emphasizes how we are different rather than how we are similar†. Adichie was referring to stereotyping or is what she calls â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story.† A single story is an oversimplified, usually pejorative, attitude people hold toward those outside one’s own experience who are different. Adichie says â€Å"The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.† When she stated that it brought me back to my childhood because I remember as a young African American girl growing up with a bunch of Caucasians. I used to get judged because I was black and many kids thought that I came from Africa and that I wasn’t smart or that I didn’t have the ability to read or write because I was African American. They were basically calling me dumb and were grouping all African Americans in that category and I just thought oh they were just joking around, but I came to realize that they weren’t joking. They were kids who were saying things that they have over heard about in their household or have been taught growing up. Stereotyping is still an issue in society today and I feel as though everyone stereotypes. There are many different viewpoints from every individual in the world from their race, background, gender, as well as their age groups. According to Joi Downing, stereotyping is formed many different ways and for many different reasons. Joi states that â€Å"stereotyping is formed to describe a person or to make judgments about a person.† She believes they are formed by social media and what people where taught when growing up. Downing says she doesn’t believe that they were formed in today’s time but that they have evolved from the past. She believes the only reason people stereotype is because that is how they were raised and/or they are just doing what they saw when they were growing up. She states â€Å"I’ve seen this happen in front of my ey es and I know  many people like this.† Downing has reasons and is certain that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it so they do the same and then there are others who are just doing what they were taught. Although Anthony has the same views as Joi, they differ in many ways. Anthony argues that most people do not intentionally mean to pass judgment on people, however others do. He states â€Å"Personally, I think it is part of human nature to place things into categories. But, over time, we as people have learned how to classify people and things into certain groups depending on color, race, size, or economic stability.† He says that most people simply and innocently assume that due to similarities between individuals or things, they can be automatically categorized. Anthony states that â€Å"Sometimes we end up placing them into a category that has nothing to do with them, but because they seem to look or act similar to something, we automatically assume they are the same.† Anthony believes that everyone automatically stereotypes no matter what, but don’t mean to. Joi and Anthony have just about the same views on single stories, but their views are a little different in some aspects. Anthony argues that people do not intentionally mean to pass judgments on people, but Joi thinks a little differently. She believes that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it, so they are intentionally meaning to judge or stereotype others. As Anthony being an older Caucasian male, he has different ways of looking at stereotyping than Joi being a young African American female. There are different viewpoints abut stereotyping from many races, age groups as well as gender.

Sex Addiction Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Sex Addiction Addiction, a compulsive psychological need for a habit-forming substance according to an online dictionary (p). In this instance, the substance is sex or masturbation. A sex addict needs progressively more and more explicit pornographic material in order to become aroused. Their behavior becomes centered on different sexual experiences and the desire to attain them. The person cannot control their sexual appetites resulting in severe consequences for themselves and others. Sex addiction is a lifelong problem that needs to be contained in order to avoid continued complications. Shame, secretiveness, and abusiveness in a person accompany the addiction. Treatment is available in different forms; however, because this subject is relatively new a cure is not known. An important question is arising around this subject is whether or not sex addiction results from nature or nurture. Patrick Carnes, Ph.D., the first person to identify and treat this affliction, hypothesized sex addiction results from a person needing certain neuro-chemical changes (4). Everybody experiences certain neuro-chemical changes that make the physical act of sex feel pleasurable. A normal person produces this stimulus, attains the natural high, and is satisfied. An addict, however, uses this chemical to escape pain or seek relief from stress (4). This theory supports a nature argument because there is nothing a person can do about it. Their body creates an altered response to a completely normal act and fosters an uncontrollable need to experience sex. It is comparable to an alcoholic's reaction to alcohol (4). The sex addict needs this chemical to be released in order to desensitize themselves from their problems. This is not healthy, but i... ...ttp://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/www.sexualrecovery.com 4) Sexual Addiction Home Page , Home page with basic information http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/www.sexaddictionhelp.com 5) Sexaholics Anonymous Home Page , Home page for support group http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/www.sa.org 6) Sexhelp.com Home Page , Home page for Dr. Carnes http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/www.sexhelp.com 7) Porn-Free.com Home Page , Web site about religious recovery help http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/www.sexhelp.com 8) Sex addiction FAQ , Home page with basic information about different aspects of addiction http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/www.sexhelp.com 9)Page on Dictionary.com, definition of addiction http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=addiction

Placing Blame for the My Lai Massacre

â€Å"As you can appreciate, our Army is faced with a tremendous challenge here in Vietnam. Initially our soldiers were committed strictly in an advisory role, and as such the number required was relatively small. But now it has become necessary to commit more and more US troops to actual combat. It is necessary therefore that our training programs in the United States be oriented toward the type of fighting we are involved in today in this country† (Westmoreland). From 1959-1975, America was involved in a prolonged conflict to prevent the spread of communism.Opposing forces were attempting to unify Vietnam under a communist government. In 1954, at the Geneva conference, Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel, splitting the country into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. Communist sympathizers in South Vietnam formed the Viet Cong to use guerilla warfare against their fellow South Vietnamese. Fighting among the Viet Cong and South Vietnamese continued. When the North Vietnamese fired directly into two US ships in March of 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the first US ground troops to Vietnam.The original goal of US involvement in Vietnam was to aid the South’s defense until they could fight for themselves. As it turned out, this was not the outcome (Vietnam War). There are several questions surrounding the Vietnam War, many of which are still unanswered. For years, Americans have posed the following question: â€Å"Why did our soldiers attack hundreds of unarmed South Vietnamese in the My Lai village in March 1968? † United States soldiers shot, beat, and burned innocent unarmed farmers, women, and children. Why was this allowed to happen?Anytime a country goes into war, brutality is expected; casualties are expected. But when this brutality and these casualties come at the expense of 400 innocent Vietnamese, we must ask why. Although most do not condone what happened on March 16, 1968, those soldiers cannot be held responsible for several reasons: the Vietnamese were treating the US soldiers in the same manner, Americans had dehumanized the Vietnamese people, soldiers were unsure of who exactly the enemy was, and the orders they received were vague, soldiers were unaware that they could question authority.The My Lai incident on March 16, 1968 was purely a â€Å"military crime of obedience† (Newman). American soldiers are accustomed to being treated poorly by the natives of an occupied country, but it still influenced the actions that occurred on March 16. Lieutenant William Calley testified about the violent, unnecessary assaults that South Vietnamese soldiers carried out. A radio operator was killed in the first Pinkville assault when â€Å"the bullet just took his entire kidney out,† Calley explained (Who is Responsible†¦). Six innocent Vietnamese women were gunned down on their way to the market by South Vietnamese police.After an assault that killed six men and left another wounded, Calley says that â€Å"it instilled a deeper form of hatred toward the enemy† (Who is Responsible†¦). These brutal acts all occurred at the hand of the people our soldiers thought they were helping. How can these nineteen year old soldiers be expected to react to these violent actions with anything other than more violence? Possibly due to the poor treatment of soldiers, Americans began to dehumanize the Vietnamese people. There are two qualities that make someone â€Å"human†, identity and community.The Vietnamese were simply not considered human beings anymore (Kelman and Hamilton). The American soldiers had come to believe that every man and every woman were Viet Cong and every child would grow up with Viet Cong ideals. Lieut. Calley wrote â€Å"I had no love for these people now. I did have a few weeks earlier, but it had been slowly driven out† (Sack 80). In the same work he says that a captain said to him: â€Å"I sit with my st arlight scope, and I see VC at this village every night. I could go home if I could eliminate it† (Sack 84).When all the South Vietnamese became Viet Cong instead of living, breathing, feeling people, soldiers no longer saw killing them as murder, but as a necessity. When veterans talk about Vietnam, they often talk about trying to find Charlie. Who is Charlie? Unfortunately, our soldiers did not know who this allusive Charlie was either. General W. C. Westmoreland, named by President Johnson to command all forces in Vietnam, knew his task was daunting. How could he root out and kill enemy forces when they could be any Vietnam citizen? Westmoreland says, in a letter to Lt. Col. Lewis L.Millet, â€Å"Here we have an enemy who operates covertly. The battlefield is everywhere-no front to it nor rear. The enemy is here today and fine tomorrow. He moves at night, concentrates, attacks, and then he disappears into the wilderness of a jungle or into the landscape when reaction force s are brought to bear† (Westmoreland, par 3. ) Here we have the commander of all US troops in Vietnam and he admits that they do not know who the enemy is. Twenty-year-old Bob Leahy writes home to his family and explains that when one is in a combat situation, a chance cannot be taken on whether or not a citizen is VC or not.If one waits to find out whether the civilian is armed or just an innocent bystander, it could be too late (Leahy, par 2. ) In addition to my last three points, the orders that the soldiers were issued were extremely vague. Kelman and Hamilton claim written orders were never issued (par 6). All orders were passed by word of mouth; by the time they had traveled through Barker, Medina, Calley and finally to the soldiers, the only message that was conveyed was this: the Son My area must be destroyed (Kelman and Hamilton, par 7). Soldiers were under the impression that only VC would be in that village.The Peers Report, mentioned in Kelman and Hamilton’s composition â€Å"The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience,† said that it is â€Å"reasonable to conclude that LTC Barker’s minimal or nonexistent instructions concerning the handlings of noncombatants created the potential for grave misunderstandings† (par 7). These vague directions were destined to bring about poor results. Because of the ambiguity of the orders, our soldiers cannot be held responsible for the outcome of My Lai. In the time period of Vietnam, soldiers did not question their commander’s orders.It did not matter how absurd the orders were: they were carried out. Lt Calley explains, â€Å"For refusing in order in the face of the enemy, you could be sent to death† (â€Å"Who is Responsible†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). He also states that if he had known My Lai would turn out this way, he would have run from the draft and gone to jail instead (His Own Story, 85). Bob Leahy, in his letter home, says that if someone disobeyed orders, and My Lai was not released to the public, he would serve 5-10 years in Leavenworth Federal Prison for â€Å"cowardice in the face of the enemy or some trash like that† (par 7).As I have previously pointed out, the American forces were following orders when they went into the My Lai village of Son My and killed innocent civilians. Yes, the My Lai incident was a crime, but it was a military crime of obedience. Lieutenant Colonel Barker and his staff planned the Son My raid as a search and destroy mission. Captain Medina was briefed on vague orders and in turn told his men. Lieutenant Calley and other soldiers are not responsible for the events that transpired on March 16, 1968. But perhaps their leaders are.Obeying orders from a lieutenant colonel is not an offense or a crime-it is a custom. Although the My Lai massacre was a horrific event that occurred at the hand of American soldiers, they are not to blame. It was merely a crime of obedience, even though the orders were vague and the soldiers did not know that they could or should question orders. Americans had dehumanized the Vietnamese people, and were very angry. Bob Leahy uses the following analogy: â€Å"If you enrage and tease a lion, and then an innocent person comes along and pets the lion, the innocent person will be mauled† (War Letters, par 4).He says â€Å"This is war and I’ll give a news flash to everyone back in the states-they’re playing for keeps over here. You cannot ask a man to risk her own life and chance of going home in one piece for a Vietnamese civilian who might not have a weapon. Especially when, as in My Lai, they were told only enemy troops and their families lived in the village. It is asking too much† (par 5). Could there have been a different outcome that day? Maybe, maybe not. What was the one true cause of the My Lai massacre? Will we ever know?

Psychology and Perspectives Essay

Human beings are given the unique capacity to view things not just the way they are but also on the pre-programmed processes we use in describing a situation. These perspectives can come from many different external influences and by internal factors involving our personal and historical development. On these reason we can employ psychology to study why and how we view things and how these factors influence our perspectives. There are many psychological perspectives presented in the field to distinguish our differences from other people. However, though we have been guided by these explanations on how we react mentally and physically over a situation, these perspectives, though they are limited, complement each other to form a unified explanation on our views. Their questions present different answers which can describe the paradigms of human existence and process, based on the different aspects of their functions and influences. This paper will discuss several psychological perspectives and their relationship to our daily routine of looking at things differently from others. View point and summaries of related topics will be discussed applied with the neuroscience, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, behavior genetics and cognitive perspectives. These perspectives are best to explain the differences people have on viewing a situation. Neuroscience Perspective First, the neuroscience perspective looks at the internal viewing functions of a person. This involves the processes of the brain in conceiving a situation and the underlying influences that affect a person’s behavior. It describes how the body and mind control our emotions, memories, and sensory processes to react on a given situation. In The Girl with a Boy’s Brain by Carlin Flora, neuroscience perspective is used in determining a person’s tendencies and irregularities by identifying brain processes and disorders.   Kiriana Cowansage has had obsessions and successes in many areas of her life. However, though her brain is above the average intellectual norm, she often gets lost in her own neighborhood. She is then diagnosed to have Asperger’s Syndrome, a mental disorder highly functional in the autism family. This condition is found usually on boys due to their innate tendency to systematize. Kiriana is said to be weak in relating with other people and in situations she is in. Often times she gets confused by unfamiliar events and get lost helplessly in it due to her faulty sensory processing systems. Kiriana’s behaviors are apparently affected by her condition and needs attention on how inner processes to solve her problem. This inner view to explain a person’s behavior and practices is described in neuroscience perspectives. Evolutionary perspective Evolutionary perspective relates our ancestral environment to be affective of our behaviors at present. The historical development of people and their retained and their passed characteristics are considered to be factors that affect their emotions and tendencies. Evolutionary psychology taps on the affective structures of human ancestral environments on the establishment of emotions, personalities, cognitive processes, and mental disorders (Nesse, p6). In a Psyched for Success article publsihed in October 2003, evolutionary perspective is used in describing the causes and implications of depression. There they raised the question of whether depression is simply a disorder or a sign of emotional fatigue. The article states that, in centuries past, aspects of human life have been internalized and passed through generations to our present life. These aspects of the past are still being used but are insufficient or inappropriate because of our more complicated present. Depression is said to signal this mismatch between our old ways and our new situations (2003). Since life today are relatively harder, people cannot cope completely with new and unfamiliar events presented to them thus causes stress and signals a people to step back and reassess the situation and their reaction. Psychodynamic perspective Psychodynamic perspective asserts that inner conflicts of the past affect a person’s behaviors and emotions at the present. It is based primarily on Freud’s concept of the unconscious where all repressed feelings are stored and affect our views unnoticeably. People who have abusive and violent experiences in the past are more likely to have repressed emotions stored in their unconcious and these defines who they are in the present. The article In the Name of Love describes adult relationships to be greatly affected by people’s relationships during childhood. Johnson and Marano’s report relates the attachment theory of infancy, the characteristic of a child to rely and depend on an immediate relative, a mother usually. This attachment is then carried as children grow old and establish their own relationships with other people (Johnson and Marano, 1994). Partners rely on each other’s affection and availability. When people are in fear or anxiety, they will certainly ask for support from their partners. Children and adult relationships are underlined by the common need of a person for attachment and security. Behavioral perspective Most of the time there are environmental stimuli that automatically or force us to make a reaction. Behavioral perspective describes this immediate factors as affective to one’s behavior. Psychotherapy utilizes this perspective to describe a person’s behavior through various stimulus and on many occasions it is used to erase or establish a behavior in a person. In an article by Tim Bower and Robert Epstein, behavioral perspective can detect psychological disorders on patients and consequently affect a therapist’s own personality. Due to the reinforced and repeated exposure to the cases and situations of patients they treat, therapist have a tendency to absorb behaviors and manifest it in their own lives. In a certain instance, psychologist’s who experienced having a patient suicide felt guilt and self-incrimination which could lead to other unprofessional behaviors. Also, the distress caused by their patients’ faulty disclosures have affected their lives with their own families the same with how their family relationships affect their professional responsibilities. Also, mental health workers are at greater risk of substance abuse due to their treatment of patient’s with the same behavior (Epstain and Bower, 1997). Genetic behavior perspective The genetic behavior perspective relates to the innate causes of behaviors. The hereditary influences that people often are affected in their responses to stimuli are regarded with much research and attention to prove. The concept of being born and not made can be found on this perspective as what the article Bruce Avolio explained. In Are Leaders Born or Made?, he stated that genetic codes also contain behavioral preferences and tools for people be what they are â€Å"meant† to be. Leaders are equipped with high energy, desire to affect others, determination and intelligence. Scientist have spent time and effort in proving that these qualities are innate and   are gifts to chosen individuals tasked become leaders. However, these characteristics are later found with the possibility of being learned and instilled to us by our parents at the early stages of life (Avolio, 1999). Also, in the article, My Genes Made Me Do It, Peele and DeGrandpre genetic codes programmed with certain behaviors are being used as excuse for tolerating certain actions (Peele and DeGrandpre , 1995). Often times, people are fooled with wrong theories on genetic behaviors and on this note researchers are focused on specific areas of life which can really be passed genetically. Also, if our personality is already determined during the early stages of conceiving, people tend to withdraw efforts on changing their behaviors. This perception is considered to have monumental consequences on how we view ourselves and on personal development. These psychological perspectives – neuroscience, evolutionary, genetic behavior, behavioral, and psychodynamic – are established to have various views on how human beings behave and relate to others. Though these perspectives raises differing questions and answers, they all relate a person’s process and structure for behavior. The study on these perspectives not only open various doors for psychological exploration but also give different means on how to describe personalities and offer treatments on the disorders which haunt people over the course of their life by identifying the internal and external etiologies of their abnormalities. Also, these only prove that wherever human perspectives are present, psychological approaches can be utilized to determine the wide range of causes and influences of these views.

A stench of Kerosene Essay Example

A stench of Kerosene Essay Example A stench of Kerosene Essay A stench of Kerosene Essay Essay Topic: Literature A Stench of Kerosene is a fundamental representation of how customs and traditions can become ruthless pressures in life, causing individuals to make complex decisions, for their security in the community on terms of culture and traditions. A Stench of Kerosene, by Amrita Pritam, follows the turbulent marriage of Manak and Guleri. As a consequence of Guleris infertility, Manaks mother is obliged to wed him to a second bride, in order for Manak to bear a son under his name, and abide by the well followed traditions of his ancestors, and other members of the community, so as for him not to become an outcast of the society. Manak, is then forced to marry the second bride against his own will, and this causes Guleri to become a victim of a catastrophic and traditional suicide, by smouldering herself with lethal Kerosene, and setting herself ablaze. Manak then becomes a cold, hateful character, and even rejects his own child as he claimed that the boy had a stench of kerosene. This story is an obvious critique of the Indian way of life, which is followed, and based on traditions, which at any cost must be fulfilled, for one to live in amity. Manak, in this case, is the victim of this great oppression, as he loved his first wife sincerely, and was defeated by the pressure imposed upon him by his mother. The Story follows a number of different aspects and traditions that are implemented and closely followed by Indians in an Indian community. Points such as the disregard for women are cunningly incorporated in this tale of love and loss, and clearly portrayed as part of the stories plot. For example, a tradition, which has been clearly condemned throughout this story, is the fact that clearly in an Indian community, the woman is not given any respect or value. She is brought and sold, this is a point, which is clearly underlined when Manaks mother pays a sum of 500 rupees, to acquire him a second wife. Guleri is obviously oppressed as a woman in different ways, for example the fact that she is only permitted to see her parents only once a year. This is obviously another oppression towards her. The story not only focuses on sexism and oppression, however other minor issues such as superstition and other lesser customs are tackled during the events of this story, for example the customs that are completed when the harvest season ensues, The girls would have new clothes made for the occasion. Their dupattas would be dyed The story obviously projects Manaks trepidation, and vulnerable personality, as he fears conversing with his mother upon the matter of marriage, as he perceptibly fears her, and recognizes that she is also a victim of tradition, and in order for her to become a respected member of the community she, and her son, must pursue the tradition of bearing a child. We can tell from the text that Manak and Guleris marriage was a successful marriage, until the mothers unwanted interference. This is expressed through Manaks pleads for Guleri to postpone her annual visit to her parents this time. This obviously showed his dread, which obviously sheds some light upon the fact that they were content. The flute in the story has some kind of significance, and may symbolize the contentment and bliss of this couple or lack of it, as it is obviously a ritual for each of them to play this delightful instrument of joy on exultant occasions. For instance, on Guleris departure, Guleri is ecstatic, and so desires playing the flute, however we realize that Manak does not crave to play this instrument, and when attempts to, makes a strange anguishing wail, which possibly emphasizes his deep despondency. The disastrous suicide, is also an Hindu custom, for when a female loses her husband, becomes a widow, symbolically, and traditionally, she commits suicide by setting herself alight. Guleri did not physically lose her husband, as he was not dead, however, Guleri had been severed from her dear husband in an alternative direction, and so symbolically committed suicide. This also Highlights Guleris immense love for her husband, and her deep melancholy at her husbands separation. The deplorable suicide is also emphasized by Manaks reaction to this ill-fated news, and the fact that he even discards his long awaited child, and claims that the redundant, has a stench of kerosene, this is a great emphasis on how poignant this occurrence was, and how it provoked him to become a despondent character. This story is a great emphasis upon how priceless relationships can be, and how true devotion can initiate individuals in to fateful actions. This story also illustrates that even though some traditions and customs in India, and how sexual discrimination can lead to oppression. The story is an insight in to the sexism of the Indian traditions which have represented woman in the society in a different light, and how they can be mistreated, and how these tyranny infested customs can oppress woman. A custom that has been highlighted as Bride price clearly illustrates the way women are discriminated. Women can now be priced rather than paid a dowry to, and even then the bride cannot spend it for the sake of her leisure, in fact her family are obliged to use it as a result of poverty. Guleri has not only been oppressed because of her However the fact that she is only permitted to visit her parents once a year is also a great oppression on her as a person Obviously the west has altered Amerita Pritams ideas of oppression and tyranny, and has taken her world for granted, and has allowed herself to become a victim of the west different ideas. She has not recalled the fact that there are some important points to poverty, and to traditional Ethics. So I think that this story really portrays the message of valuing certain articles, whether materialistic or sentimental we take for granted.

Objectives and Goals of a Lesson Plan

Objectives and Goals of a Lesson Plan Objectives, also known as goals, are the first step in writing a strong  lesson plan. This article includes descriptions of the objectives of lesson plans, how to write them, examples, and tips. Goal-Writing Tips Whenever possible, write clearly defined and specific objectives (goals) that are easy to measure. That way, at the conclusion of your lesson, it will be relatively easy to determine if you met or missed your objectives, and by how much. Objective In the objectives section of your lesson plan, write precise and delineated goals for what you want your students to be able to accomplish after the lesson is completed. Here is an example: Lets say that you are writing a lesson plan on nutrition. For this unit plan, your objective for the lesson is for students to name a few food groups, identify the food groups, and learn about the food pyramid. Your goal should be specific and use numbers where appropriate. This will help you determine if you met your objectives or not after the lesson is over. What to Ask Yourself In order to define your lessons objectives, consider asking yourself the following questions: What will students accomplish during this lesson?To what specific level (i.e. 75% accuracy) will the students perform a given task in order for the lesson to be considered satisfactorily accomplished?Exactly how will the students show that they understood and learned the goals of your lesson? Will this occur through a worksheet, group work, presentation, illustration, etc? Additionally, you will want to make sure that the lessons objective fits in with your district and state educational standards for your grade level. By thinking clearly and thoroughly about the goals of your lesson, you will ensure that you are making the most of your teaching time. Examples Here are a few examples of what an objective would look like in your lesson plan. After reading the book Life in the Rainforest, sharing a class discussion, and drawing plants and animals, students will be able to place six specific characteristics into a Venn diagram of the similarities and differences of plants and animals, with 100% accuracy.While learning about nutrition, students will keep a food journal, create a balanced meal using the food pyramid (or food plate, as it is now called), write a recipe for a healthy snack, as well as name all of the food groups and the foods that correlate with them.While learning about the local government, the goal of this lesson is to have students identify the components of local government and be able to generate four to six sentences using local government facts and vocabulary.While students learn about the pattern of digestion, by the end of the lesson they will know how to physically point out areas of the digestive track, as well as tell specific facts about how the food we eat can turn into the fuel that our bodies need. After the objective, you will define the anticipatory set. Edited By: Janelle Cox

Film An Inconvenient Truth Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film An Inconvenient Truth - Movie Review Example In the film, Gore also jokes that he "used to be the next president of the United States of America." (An Inconvenient Truth) This writer believes that the film has the intention to raise awareness on global warming, and the inclusion of a politician in controversial circumstances (due to the 2000 presidential election) provides the platform to draw in audiences. The artistic flow of the film is intentionally written to document Al Gore's personal encounters as well as the evidence behind the scientific findings. The film also attempts to explain climate change using a number of major claims. For the purpose of this paper the writer will look into two of these claims: (1) the doubling in numbers of category four and five hurricanes in the last thirty years; (2) as temperatures rise, heat waves will be more frequent and intense. While science can be refuted, as can the claims made in the film, this writer believes that the way the claims are presented is able to convince anyone without any scientific background that the idea of global warming does indeed exist.

Team Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Motivation - Essay Example This study highlights that  individuals encounter various decisions they need to make, providing them with opportunities for overcoming fears associated with certain consequences. The issue of motivation is subject to both complexity and simplicity, meaning that it offers explanations with respect to observing what characterizes human behavior, while complexity emerges whenever contradictions emerge. For example, the desire by individuals to nourish themselves is usually strong, making them engage in extreme action. Hence, it is appropriate to understand what motivation entails to allow us lay notable emphasis to general principles that characterize motivation, allowing us to apply it to different aspects of life. With a better understanding of these principles, it would be possible to enter into a highly rewarding experience.From this paper it is clear that  when a person wishes to serve as part of a team, there are certain questions that one should ask himself or herself, espec ially when one receives an invitation to serve as a member of a given team. These would help guide one as to whether he or she should serve as a team member. However, there are certain times whereby people lack the opportunity for participating in a team, such as when an organization or workgroup restructures itself in a manner whereby teams direct themselves. In these cases, individuals are capable of understanding as to why they need to serve as teams or groups.