Thursday, December 26, 2019

The Economy Is Making Progress Because Of The Mass...

The economy is making progress because of the mass production of technology. Due to globalization, innovations of technology has created an economic growth and made communication easy. A challenge that humanity must face, is the skill of cultural diversity. These conditions are altered because of the renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations. (Ogohi) Many people in the 21st century benefit because of accessibility, whereas the Romans during the 1st century received information from being lectured and reading a book. Today, people depend on technology for; Information, Communication, Pleasure and Business. If catastrophic effect occurred that shut down all operational systems, society would be lost in confusion and dependant on our intelligence. (Business Insider) The Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization The negative effects of economic globalization are the loss of employment. The inefficient uncompetitive industries and loss of the monopoly power of local industries occurred because of businessmen and traders who exploit consumers by charging them higher prices for imported goods and supplying lower quality products, compared to internationally available quality. Other negative impact of globalization in a social-cultural aspect is that cultural values are lessoning in the western parts of the world. The most positive effects of globalization are elimination of local monopolies, elimination of inefficiency, and access to opportunities available allShow MoreRelatedUsing the four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s1661 Words   |  7 Pagesreason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s (40 Marks) I believe that the First World War did not have as much of a significant impact on the American economy as mass production, infact i however see that instead of benefiting the economy the War in fact had the reverse effect to that of which interpretation A and C suggest that the war was the most important factor of the 1920’s American economic boom. 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Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Self-Efficacy of a High School Teacher Case Study

Essays on Self-Efficacy of a High School Teacher Case Study The paper "Self-Efficacy of a High School Teacher" is an outstanding example of a case study on psychology. Mr. John Stewart is a high school teacher at a local high school. He is a teacher and ahead of a department in the school. His duties include teaching, setting examinations, marking both books and exam papers and preparing student reports. As a head of a department, he cares for many school resources including books. Additionally, he offers guidance and counseling to his students besides disciplining unruly students. His job is challenging. He must, therefore, possess the appropriate attitude to succeed.Mr. Stewart has a strong self-efficacy. He believes in himself and strives to remain professional. He has ten years of experience and has professional training. He, therefore, believes that he is a good and experienced teacher. He handles his responsibilities both as a class teacher and as a head of a department effectively a feature that does not only portray his ability but al so shows his high self-esteem. The school appreciates his efforts. As such, the school has employed a number of appropriate strategies to motivate him thereby enhancing the growth of his self-efficacy. His promotion to the head of a department was one such strategy. The additional responsibilities proved that the school trusted his abilities. He, therefore, strives to deliver effectively since he believes that he is capable of (Randhawa, 2007).Despite such, the school can employ modern trends in developing greater self-efficacy in Mr. Stewart to improve his productivity. Such trends include sponsoring his subsequent professional training in the form of seminars and workshops, improving his pay and promoting him to administrative positions (Bandura, 1998). Through such, Mr. Stewart would embrace the new responsibilities and enjoy the favors a feature that would encourage him to work harder than he currently does (Karami Maimunah, 2013).

Monday, December 9, 2019

Corporate Insolvency In Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Insolvency In Australia. Answer: Introduction This paper briefly discusses various issues surrounding corporate insolvency. The paper is divided into nine sub sections that highlight different aspects of corporate insolvency in Australia and finishes with a conclusion. Signs of Corporate Insolvency and the Duties of Directors in that Regard There is no exact legal definition of insolvency and as such, it is a matter that is left to judgement (Cabinet Maker 2008, p.24). It is a matter of argument as to when exactly a company becomes insolvent. In general a company is insolvent when it fails to pay its liabilities as and when they become due (Corporations Act 2001, s.95). The following is a list of signs of corporate insolvency. Companies in financial distress will often forgo paying their tax liabilities in order to ensure that they have sufficient cash flow to meet their important supplier payments and pay wages. In the short term, this may be considered by many as an efficient use of cash resources. However, after the accrual of interest and penalties of those taxed in the long term, the tax liability imposed may grow to unmanageable levels. The Australian Securities and Investment Commission, in its insolvency guide for directors, have outlined a list of signs indicating that a company is becoming insolvent. These are as follows. Poor cash flow, continuous losses, lack of business plans, absence of forecasts of cash flows and other budgets, problems in debt collection and stock sales, increment in debt (more liabilities as compared to assets), disorganization in internal accounting processes, and financial statements that are incomplete. Other signs include loans that are unrecoverable to associated parties, creditors are unpaid outside the ordinary terms, demand letters and legal warrants being issued against the company, issues with obtaining finance, increment in the number of complaints by suppliers, loss of management personnel and director resignations, among many others (ASIC 2015, p.7). Potential liabilities of company directors in the event of a company becoming insolvent Directors of a company can be held liable in different ways when a company is declared insolvent. The Supreme Court of Australia held the directors of a company to be personally liable (Marsh, Roberts Webb, 2017). The reason for this finding by the court was that the directors were in breach of their duties hence incurring debts. The directors herein also made unverifiable payments which could not be ascertained. Furthermore, according to McDonald and Snead (2009, p. 3) courts have held that assets misappropriated by directors might be recovered. However, such transaction of assets ought to have taken place prior to the insolvency. The court continued to reiterate that the limitation period may be extended where fraud and breach of a fiduciary obligation are proved on the acts of a director prior to insolvency. In most instances, as discussed by Sellars (2001) p. 11, where directors are culpable, they are required to indemnify the company for any loses accrued due to their breach of duty or to pay the creditors outstanding debt. Avenues Available to the Company, in Particular, to the Directors if the Company is Presumed to be Insolvent There are several available avenues that the directors to a company can take when the company is presumed insolvent. According to the report prepared by Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services (2004), a company or rather the directors can agree with the creditors on how to settle the outstanding debts). Such arrangements should be set in a deed where which debts due would be settled. Additionally, the above report states that the directors can set aside transactions that might seem to be the cause of such insolvency. In turn the company would be restored to pre-insolvency stage. If at all a company is declared bankrupt, it ought to be remembered that a company is a separate legal entity that can sue or be sued. Therefore, if the directors duly discharged their obligations, thelaw protects them from being personally held liable provided that in their obligation they did not engage in insolvent trading. Finally, according to Rankin and Popkin (2004, p. 28) a director can demonstrate that they took reasonable steps prevent insolvency by settling accrued debts, appointing administrators and beginning winding up procedures. Furthermore, they argue that a director that seeks to disclaim the responsibilities leading to insolvency must cite the above three defenses. A director cannot allege that there were no reasonable steps that he could take to prevent the insolvency. Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary Interventions by Different Parties Concerned by the Potential Insolvency of a Company Voluntary intervention or administration in this instance involves members and directors placing the company to an independent person to assess the assets, cash and liabilities against the potentially insolvent company (Sellars 2001, p. 2.) Consequently such an independent person would recommend to the members whether a company ought to be wound up or not. In a voluntary intervention, a director need not to vacate office since such an administration at time is propagated by directors. However the court has held in the case of Dempster v Mallina Holdings Ltd that whereas other directors might be found liable others may escape liability. Involuntary insolvency involves an intervention by the Federal or Supreme Courts though an application by; the creditors, shareholders, directors or any other interested person. (Insolvency solution, 2017, Voluntary Involuntary Liquidation) indicates that creditor who is owed a debt may file an application to declared a company insolvent due to its in ability to pay the outstanding debt when due. Shareholders, directors and other interested parties may file an application of their respective interests in the company. Good outcome for a company other than being wound up by the creditors, and how might this be achieved Instead of being wound up because of an insolvency, a company should consider several options these include; receivership, voluntary arrangements, administration and provisional liquidation. According to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services inquiry into financial products and services in Australia (2009), in a receivership an insolvency practitioner is appointed by the secured creditors in order to settle outstanding debts. However it should be understood that receivership does not necessarily impute insolvency of a company. On the other hand, administration involves appointment of administrators to carry audits and determine the cash flow, assets and liabilities of a company. Administration would usually result to a deed being entered and subsequently measures to prevent insolvency being put down. Company voluntary arrangement involves an agreement being reached between creditors being owed a debt not to claim their debt as against the company. Th is would allow the company to rebuild its financial status or cash flow. Provisional liquidation is an alternative to winding up of a company, because with the application of any party involved, the court may order a provisional liquidation whereby assets of the company are placed into the hands of a provisional liquidator who would in turn determine whether a company should be wound up or not. Insolvency Statistics in Australian Companies The Australian market is mostly dominated by small as opposed to large businesses (ARITA 2015, p.348). Between the years of 2013 and 2014, 92 percent of company exits consisted of companies that employ less than five staff while 98 percent consisted of those that employ less than 20 staff (ABS 2015). Although failures represent merely a miniature fraction (below 10 percent) of all companies that exit,the available empirical data indicates that these exists are dominated by small and medium sized enterprises. This is not surprising considering that the economy is dominated by them, although it is also telling of the relation between their nature and the failures. With specific regard to insolvency, reports by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission suggest that between 2013 and 2014, 81 percent of the over 9000 initial reports of external administrators related to small companies of less than 20 staff (ASIC 2014). With respect to liabilities, ASIC estimates that 43 percent of companies that failed had liabilities worth approximately $250,000 and below, and 76 percent of fallen companies had liabilities amounting to $1 million and below. Furthermore, 41 percent of the small companies at the time of insolvency are usually without assets, while almost 80 percent of the remaining companies usually have assets worth less than $50,000. With respect to industry, retail trade (9%), food and accommodation industry (9%), construction (23%) and Other services altogether made up over half of the companies that were insolvent during the year 2013 and 2014. By contrast, fairly huge industries such as education and mining made up 1 percent of companies that ran into insolvency each. Topical Issues on Insolvency in Australian Companies There are several topical issues in the Australian companies, and especially with respect to reforms to the current insolvency law. The overarching objective of these proposals for reform is to drive a cultural shift from stigmatizing and penalizing failure to a system that balances between creditor protection and encouraging entrepreneurship (Law Society of New South Wales 2016, p.1).The first topical issue discussed by the reform proposals is reduction of the default bankruptcy period. This proposal has the overall aim of encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation. The second topical issue is the introduction of a safe habour in insolvent trading. The safe habour is aimed at operating as a carve-out to the section 588G of the Corporations Act for directors in insolvency situations. The substance of this proposal is to protect directors from personal liability in cases where a company enters into insolvency. The Role of ASIC and other Statutory Authorities in Corporate Insolvency ASIC: With respect to liquidation, the organization has the power to order the winding up of a company, and also, liquidators are required to report to ASIC. Under voluntary administrations, administrators also have various obligations for reporting to the authority. Furthermore, the ASIC and the court generally supervise the activities of receivers and property managers. The Court and ASIC also have powers of inquiry into the conduct of non-receiver controllers (AFSA 2014, p.10). Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA): with its establishment under the Public Service Act 1999, AFSA registers all bankruptcies, personal insolvency agreements and debt agreements; administration of bankruptcy estates as the Official Trustee; and ensuring compliance by bankrupts, debtors and other related persons.It also maintains the National Personal Insolvency Index (AFSA 2014, p.4). Observations It is notable from the foregoing that the proposal for providing a safe habour for directors to shield them from personal liability is an important provision. Thelaw of insolvency as is currently constituted is draconian and harsh since they impose personal liability to directors who many times make business decisions in good faith. The safe habour provisions will remove the strictness in insolvency laws and allow restructuring efforts by directors during insolvency. This will in turn encourage a turnaround culture that will enable rehabilitation of businesses, especially considering the above statistics of business failure. The Governance Institute of Australia has expressed in its submissions on this issue that of safe habour and has proposed even further adjustments to the proposed law for its applicability in the Australian market. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has discussed various issues in Australian Corporate Insolvency. One of the key issues noted in this paper in general, is the need for reforms in the law that governs corporate insolvency in the country as the available laws are quite harsh. This is with particular regard to personal liability of directors during insolvency. References ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2015, Australian Industry, 2013-14, 29 June, Cat no. 8155.0, Canberra AFSA (Australian Financial Security Authority) 2014, Financial System Inquiry - Submission of the Australian Financial SecurityAuthority in response to the Interim Report, August, AFSA ARITA (Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association) 2014a, A Platform for Recovery 2014, Discussion Paper, October ASIC (Australian Securities and Investments Commission) 2014, Insolvency statistics - Series 1: Companies entering external administration, viewed 19 September 2017 https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/find-a document/statistics/insolvencystatistics/insolvency-statistics-series-1-companies-entering-external-administration/ Law Society of New South Wales 2016, Improving Bankruptcy and Insolvency laws - Response to Proposals Paper, viewed 19 September 2017 https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetpolicysubmissions/1176437.pdf Australian Securities and Investment Commission August 2015, Insolvency: A Guide for Directors, ASIC, viewed 19 September 2017 https://download.asic.gov.au/media/3337054/insolvency_guide_for_directors_42_1-amended-aug-2015.pdf Cabinet Maker 2008, Directors Liabilities, 18 April, p.24 Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) Dempster v Mallina Holdings Ltd (1994) 15 ACSR 1) Insolvency solution, 2017, Voluntary Involuntary Liquidation viewed 20 September2017 (https://www.wais.com.au/corporate-insolvency/liquidations ). Marsh,S, Roberts,S, Webb,H 2017, The doubling up of insolvent debt: Personal liability of directors and the concurrent liability of holding company viewed 19 September 2017, https://e doubling up of insolvent debt: Personal liability of directors and the concurrent liability of holding compa Mcdonald, I, and Snead, J 2009, Reaching; The limit a recent court ruling gives rise to the spectre of further claims against directors, just when they thought they were safe view 19 September 2017, https://Reaching The Limit court ruling Ripoll, B., 2009. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services: inquiry into financial products and services in Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Ripoll, B., 2009. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services: inquiry into financial products and services in Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Ripoll, B., 2009. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services: inquiry into financial products and services in Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Sellars, M.A., 2001, February. Corporate voluntary administration in Australia. InForum for Asian Insolvency Reform. Insolvency reform in Asia: An assessment of the recent developments and the role of judiciary. Bali, Indonesia(pp. 7-8).

Monday, December 2, 2019

Was the communists attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful

Introduction This analysis focuses on the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s and the impact it had on the society. Importantly, the essay will detail the successes and failures that were witnessed as a result of the reforms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, the paper will explore how marriage was revolutionized and the overall impact of the reforms, which were initiated in 1950s. To achieve this objective, relevant information will be sourced from authentic books, written by reputable authors. China’s Revolutionary Marriage In understanding marriage revolutionary under communism, it is essential to underscore the role of politics in the entire reform process, and how politicians used their positions to influence the society. For example, the People’s Republic of China was founded by students of Karl Marx, who believed that the marriage system was supposed to change based on the existing economic structure (Johnson 91). As a result, the Chinese communists embarked on reconstructing their marriage system after the founding of the socialist state in 1949. Following the ratification of the new marriage law in 1950, the reforms were extended to the rest of the nation even though they had only been tested in the border areas. As a result, most Chinese got used to the new freedom by the time the campaigns ended in 1953. Nevertheless, the process was met with some resistance, which triggered the need for a compromise between the state and its people as a way of attaining a balance (Diamant 30). During this revolutionary period, the new marriage law led to certain changes, which ended up shaping the marriage system in the country. For example, romantic love was detached from considerations of matrimony and was replaced with the importance of loyalty to the party, matched political ideals, and revolutionary passions (Johnson 92). Additionally, the state controlled the lives of its people through the introduction of the danwei. In this regard, marriage became a complicated process that entailed application, investigation, and registration.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The revolutionized marriage got rooted in the system, allowing its application to all Chinese across the country (Diamant 41). The following segments explain the marriage law of 1950 and how it affected the country’s marriage system. The Marriage Law The marriage law was promulgated in May 1950, by the People’s Republic of China, a move, which was seen by leaders as a way of eliminating the old productive relationships and structure, to develop a socialist system of marriage. In other words, the law was aimed at liberating men and women from the bondage of the old system by conforming to a social system of development (Johnson 92). Socialists believed that the old system was barbarian and backward. It therefore necessitated the introduction of a system, which would promote social productivity as well as the elimination of the old marriage system. During the first year of the marriage reforms, communist leaders joined forces with the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation to study the new law. They carried out research on various issues by collecting data from different places. They studied the marriage laws of the Soviet and border areas, Soviet Union laws, and regulations from the New Democratic Eastern European countries (Johnson 93). Importantly, the spirit of this group was in line with the past marriage regulations of the CPP, which included bringing to an end the feudal marriage system, promoting freedom in marriage, and equality between men and women, with more emphasis to the latter. Promulgation and Implementation This occurred between 1950 and 1953 when the socialists focused on replacing the old system of marriage with the one, which they considered to be better for the people of China. Notably, the government launched propaganda that traversed the entire leadership, advocating for change (Johnson 115). Several nongovernmental organizations joined the efforts of the state, including the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation, All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and the Central Committee of Youth League among others. The implementation period can generally be divided into two major stages; 1950-1951 and 1952-1953.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Disappointment Stage Even though the purpose of the new law was to establish a different marriage system, which was inclined towards socialism, the state main ly focused on adjusting marital relations, during the first year of its promulgation. As a result, it adopted various methods, not only to reach the masses but also to influence those who were reached. Some of these methods included but not limited to broadcasting, art performances, public discussions, and literature (Johnson 115). The state worked towards changing the attitude of its people towards traditional marriage. By the end of the first year, tremendous strides had been made across the country. For instance, the All-China Democratic Women’s Federation was satisfied with the fact that most Chinese youths were able to challenge the decisions made by their parents, regarding marriage. Women also became more enthusiastic about the reforms as they managed to overcome the connection with the old system of social relationships (Hershatter 5). Due to this understanding, there was an increase in the number of marriage lawsuits as men and women advanced their marital rights. De spite the fact that the new marriage law was affecting both men and women, most of the reported cases were made by women, indicating that majority of them advocated for change. It is believed that the first year of promulgating the law led to massive public consciousness about the law across the country, which was the goal of the communist government. However, the achievements realized during this time did not meet the expectations of women in the country and those of the sponsoring political party. There were various problems that were observed by women’s associations like the increase in the number of women who were prosecuted under the new law (Johnson 116). There were also rising cases of women committing suicide during the first year of promulgation, with Shadong registering 1245 female suicide cases, while 10,000 were either murdered or abused in marriage in Zhongnan. The implementation of the new marriage law turned out to be ineffective because of feudal thoughts, whi ch remained in the minds of some leaders that were in-charge of the process. This was known to the central government from the time the idea of implementing the law was conceived.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on this possibility, the Communist Party of China strongly condemned misconduct among its members upon the endorsement of the new law, in April, 1950. In order to deal with such cases and minimize their occurrence, the government was concerned with training and educating all the cadres, who were in-charge of various areas in the country (Johnson 118). Additionally, nongovernmental organizations like the Women’s Federation were equally involved in dealing with marriage cases as a way of helping the local courts in prosecuting criminals. It is doubtless that the Communist Party of China was committed to the success of the law through all the mechanisms, which were available. For instance, the party dealt with its members who interfered with marriage freedom directly without allowing such individuals to be punished by civil and legal legislations. During the first year of implementing the law, its success was uneven across the country as some cadres had played a significan t role in eliminating traditional marriage customs while others had not taken the task seriously. While the state had taken a leading initiative in implementing the marriage reforms, it is worth noting that the process was not smooth in every region. In some cases, the law was resisted as residents adhered to the old marriage traditions, thus interfering with marriage freedom, which was enshrined in the new law. This was however blamed on the cadres who were in-charge of the affected areas. As a result, arranged marriages remained common, women oppression continued with an increase in the number of related suicide and homicide cases. Some of the supporters of the traditional practices remained cruel to women and became a stumbling block to their success. For example, several women were murdered as a result of abusive relationships in Huoqu County in 1950. It was quite ironical that cadres in the affected areas took no action against perpetrators of such inhumane actions but went ahe ad to criticize the victims, arguing that the affected women were out of their mind, and deserved death. Some judicial organizations were also blamed for the unsuccessful implementation of the new marriage law; they delayed sentences and gave tempered penalties. These sent a wrong message to men who did not fear serving a jail term of two years for killing their wives (Hershatter 97). It is important to note that the Chinese traditionalists believed that marriage was a domestic affair, which was not supposed to be governed by the laws of the state. As a general principle, all marriage problems were to be addressed and settled within the family, through the leadership of senior members, related to the husband. Consequently, the new marriage reforms initiated by the state were seen as external interference, aimed at imposing totalitarian control on the family. It was this misunderstanding that led to panic and resistance within the public domain as some people avoided the cadres. Amon g other reasons, it was believed that most Chinese men were worried with the freedom for one to seek divorce as it was stated in the new marriage law. In this regard, there was total fear among men since divorce would imply lose of the daughter-in-law, property and the right to take care of children without any form of compensation. This would therefore introduce one to eternal loneliness and total detachment from the family. Based on this analysis, it can be argued that the first year of implementing marriage reforms in China was characterized by mixed outcomes of success and failure, as there was uneven acceptance of the reforms around the country. Urban Success Despite the uneven response during the first two years, the government remained determined to promote the success of the reforms. In 1953, it initiated investigations, aimed at revealing the implementation of the new law and the performance of cadres, through propaganda (Hershatter 332). According to the state, there was n eed for cadres to change their approach in implementing the new laws by adopting educational principles rather than coercion, which was commonly observed in land reforms. As a result, this approach turned out to be successful, especially in urban areas (Johnson 138). This was achieved through proper training of the cadres with a sole aim of equipping them with knowledge and skills, which were vital in changing the minds of people regarding marriage. Other strategies, which were employed, included solving the problems of the masses by answering their questions, use of models, and removal of the offender’s name from the public. Moreover, the authorities focused on voluntary participation in propaganda programs as compared to compulsory involvement by the government. By September 1954, significant achievements had been realized in Beijing, including a drop in cases of women abuse, as masses accepted marriage freedom and denounced trading of marriage (Diamant 178). High level of this acceptance was registered among urban residents, teachers, and university students. On the other hand, partial success was reported among industrial workers and people with rural background. With regard to children, most of them were not confident enough to make independent marriage decisions (Johnson 139). Despite this success, most girls believed that money was the foundation of love. They therefore put into consideration the economic status of the man before accepting marriage. Nonetheless, the issue of inequality remained a major problem as it involved the entire society, thus calling for more time in order to influence more people. Marriage problems Before the success of marriage reforms was declared, Civil Affairs Bureau of the People’s Government of Beijing reported a wide range of problems, which were facing the reform process in September 1954. In fact, problems related to feudal customs were common in 1960s, as cadres and parents got involved in the marriages o f their children. Additionally, buying and selling of marriages became common as the bride’s family requested for monetary gifts and expensive feasts before accepting the marriage proposal (Johnson 150). Farmers were also neglected as potential husbands since they lacked enough cash. Most authorities argued that these problems were as a result of discontinuity of the marriage law movement. Many leaders opted for regular propaganda education and government inspections in order to maintain the spirit of freedom in marriage. Conclusion In general, promulgation of the new marriage law in 1950s was the first step that was undertaken by the CCP’s revolution agenda. Importantly, the transition between the customs of the state and the thoughts of people could not be achieved easily. It required constant effort in changing the perception of the masses. Despite the fact that the marriage campaign across the country ended in 1953, investigations, which were carried out later reve aled that the transition required a longer period of time, than three years (Diamant 209). Notably, the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s was partially successful. This was mainly based on the approach, which was adopted by the state in turning the masses away from their marriage traditions. Importantly, the fear of divorce dominated the resistance of men towards marriage freedom, enshrined in the new marriage law. As a result, most of the efforts towards freedom in marriage were fruitless. Works Cited Diamant, Neil. Revolutionizing the Family: Politics, Love, and Divorce in Urban and Rural China, 1949-1968. California: University of California Press, 2000. Print. Hershatter, Gail. The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China’s Collective Past. California: University of California Press, 2011. Print. Johnson, Kay. Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Print. This essay on Was the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s successful? was written and submitted by user Amphibian to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.